ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื‘ืฉืจ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื–ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™.

ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™
ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœืื‘ืฉืจ
ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”*basar
ื—ืœืง ื“ื™ื‘ืจืฉืึพืขืฆื
ืžื™ืŸื–ื›ืจ
ืฉื•ืจืฉื‘ึพืฉื‚ึพืจย ื‘
ื“ืจืš ืชืฆื•ืจื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืงึธื˜ึธืœ
ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื‘ึฐึผืฉึทื‚ืจึพ; ืจืณย ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ืจึดื™ื, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืจึตื™ึพ
ื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
  1. ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
    • โ€ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึฐืึนืจ ืขึนืœึนืช ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืคึธึผืจื•ึนืช ื™ึฐืคื•ึนืช ืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืึนืช ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจโ€œ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื, ืคืกื•ืง ื‘)
  2. ืžืื›ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ.
    • ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
    • โ€"ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ื‘ึทึผืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืฆึฐืœึดื™ ืึตืฉื ื•ึผืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ืžึฐืจึนืจึดื™ื ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœึปื”ื•ึผโ€œ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘, ืคืกื•ืง ื—)
  3. ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™.
    • โ€ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐื ึนื—ึท: ืงึตืฅ ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ื‘ึธึผื ืœึฐืคึธื ึทื™, ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึธืœึฐืึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื—ึธืžึธืก ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ื”ึถืโ€œ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•, ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื’)
  4. ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื“ื.
    • โ€ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐื›ึฐึผืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ืœึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐื™ึธื“ึตื ื•ึผ ืึทืœึพืชึฐึผื”ึดื™ ื‘ื•ึน, ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธื—ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืฉึธื‚ืจึตื ื•ึผ ื”ื•ึผืโ€œ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื–, ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื–)
  5. ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”ย ืžืŸ (1): ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™.
    • ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื™ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• - ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”.
  6. ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”ย ืžืŸ (1): ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
    • ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื”.
  7. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™.
    • โ€ื“ึทึผื‘ึฐึผืจื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึทืึฒืžึทืจึฐืชึถึผื ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดื™ืฉื ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื–ึธื‘ ืžึดื‘ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ืจื•ึน ื–ื•ึนื‘ื•ึน ื˜ึธืžึตื ื”ื•ึผื.โ€œ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื•, ืคืกื•ืง ื‘)
    • โ€ื•ึทืชึทึผืขึฐื’ึฐึผื‘ึธื” ืขึทืœ ืคึดึผืœึทื’ึฐืฉึตืื™ื”ึถื, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึทื‚ืจึพื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ืจึธื ื•ึฐื–ึดืจึฐืžึทืช ืกื•ึผืกึดื™ื ื–ึดืจึฐืžึธืชึธื.โ€œ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ื’, ืคืกื•ืง ื›)
    • "ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื’ื ืœื ื ื’ืข ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื— ืจืขื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื•" (ืคืกืงึพื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ)

ื’ื™ื–ืจื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช: ื‘ืื›ื“ื™ืช: biลกru; ื‘ืื•ื’ืจื™ืชื™ืช: ื‘ืฉืจ; ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช: ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืจึธื ืื• ื‘ึดึผืกึฐืจึธื; ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุจูŽุดูŽุฑูŽุฉ (ื‘ึทึผืฉึทืืจึทื”, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื•ึนืจ) ื•ึพุจูŽุดูŽุฑ (ื‘ึทึผืฉึทืืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื).

ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืจื’ื•ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ย ย ย ืจืงืžื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืช
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: fleshโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Fleischโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: hรบsโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฯƒฮฌฯฮบฮฑโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: sรกrka)
  • ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืคืœื™ื™ืฉโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: carneโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ู„ุญู…โ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: ืœึทื—ึฐื)
  • ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: chairโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะฟะปะพั‚ัŒโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: plotสน)
ย ย ย ืžืื›ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: meatโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Fleischโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: hรบsโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮบฯฮญฮฑฯ‚โ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: krรฉas)
  • ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืคืœื™ื™ืฉโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: carneโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ู„ุญู…โ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: ืœึทื—ึฐื)
  • ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: viandeโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะผััะพโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: mjรกso)

ืจืื• ื’ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: ื‘ืฉืจ
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ: ื‘ืฉืจื™ื
ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื‚ืจ ื‘

ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ึพืฉื‚ึพืจ ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื‘ืฉืจ - ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื–ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืš.

ื‘ึดึผืฉึตึผื‚ืจ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ โ€“ ืคื•ืขืœ
ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœืื‘ื™ืฉืจ
ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ื’ื–ืจื”ื‘ึพืฉื‚ึพืจ ื, ืฉืœืžื™ื
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸืคึดึผืขึตืœ
  1. ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ื”ื›ืจื™ื–.
    • "ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœื•ึน ื™ื•ึนืึธื‘ ืœึนื ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึนื‚ืจึธื” ืึทืชึธึผื” ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึผื‘ึดืฉึทึผื‚ืจึฐืชึธึผ ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืึทื—ึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืœึนื ืชึฐื‘ึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึทืœ ื›ึตึผืŸ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืžึตืชึต" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื—, ื›)
    • "ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ื•ึนื ึธื” ื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ืื•ึผ ื•ึผืชึฐื”ึดืœึนึผืช ื”' ื™ึฐื‘ึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจื•ึผ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืก, ื•)
    • "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืคึฐืฉึดืื™ื˜ึปื”ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืึถืช ืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึตึผืœึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึฐึผื—ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ืœึฐื‘ึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืึถืช ืขึฒืฆึทื‘ึตึผื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึธืขึธื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื, ื™, ื˜)
  2. ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืจืžื– ืœื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
    • ื”ื’ืฉื ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืชื™ื•.

ื’ื–ืจื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื“ื™ืช: bussuru - ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžืกืจ.
  • ื‘ืขึดื‘ึฐืจึฒื‘ึดื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช 'ืืœ-ื‘ึดึผืืฉืืืจึทื”' - 'ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช'[1]. ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ืช ู…ูุจู’ุณูุฑูŽุงุชโ€Ž (ืžึปื‘ึทึผืฉึดึนืจึธืช) ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช 'ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉื'

ืชืจื’ื•ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจืื• ื’ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืกืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื‚ืจ ื

ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ึพืฉื‚ึพืจ ื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื.

  1. โ†‘ ืžืืช: ืคืื•ืœ ื•ืงืกืœืจ. "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื’'ื•ื“ื–ืžื•" / ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืจืš 18. ืขืž'-43. 1984