Strontianite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Strontianite
The way to the type locality of strontianite
Strontian, Fort William and Ardnamurchan, Highland, Scotland, UK
Strontian, Fort William and Ardnamurchan, Highland, Scotland, UK
Formula:
SrCO3
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Colour:
Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green, brown; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.74 - 3.78
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1791 by Friedrich Gabriel Sulzer after its discovery locality, Strontian, Scotland.
The Sr analogue of aragonite and witherite. Compare olekminskite and 'UM1989-07-CO:CaSr'.
Forms a series with witherite.
Strontianite, strontium carbonate, is mainly found as a low-temperature mineral in limestone and also found as a gangue mineral in sulphide veins. It is almost always fluorescent.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Strontianite.
Forms a series with witherite.
Strontianite, strontium carbonate, is mainly found as a low-temperature mineral in limestone and also found as a gangue mineral in sulphide veins. It is almost always fluorescent.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Strontianite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3805
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3805:4
IMA Classification of Strontianite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Strontianite
5.AB.15
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
14.1.3.3
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
11.5.1
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Str | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Str | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Str | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Str | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Str | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Str | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Strontianite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
resinous on breaks
Colour:
Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green, brown; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
On {110} nearly perfect; on {021} poor; on {010} in traces.
On {110} nearly perfect; on {021} poor; on {010} in traces.
Parting:
None noted.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.74 - 3.78 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.722 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Strontianite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.516 - 1.520 nβ = 1.663 - 1.667 nγ = 1.667 - 1.668
2V:
Measured: 7° , Calculated: 12° to 8°
Birefringence:
0.090
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.148 - 0.151
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
weak
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Strontianite
Mindat Formula:
SrCO3
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ca
Crystallography of Strontianite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.1059(7) Å, b = 8.4207(13) Å, c = 6.0319(11) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.606 : 1 : 0.716
Unit Cell V:
259.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short to long prismatic [001], often acicular. Often pseudohexagonal in aspect due to equal development of {110} and {010} or of {hhl} and {0.2h.l}. {110} and {010} are striated horizontally, the steep {hhl} and {0kl} forms are rounded at times. Massive, columnar to fibrous; granular; rounded masses.
Twinning:
Very common. Twin plane {110}, usually as contact twins, rarely as penetration twins; also repeated, as trillings, fourlings, or polysynthetic, yielding enclosed twin lamellae.
Comment:
Non-standard space group setting (Pmcn).
Crystallographic forms of Strontianite
Crystal Atlas:
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Strontianite no.7 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Strontianite no.13 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006303 | Strontianite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2009) The orthorhombic structure of CaCO3, SrCO3, PbCO3 and BaCO3: Linear structural trends The Canadian Mineralogist 47 1245-1255 |  | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0018858 | Strontianite | Ye Y, Smyth J R, Boni P (2012) Crystal structure and thermal expansion of aragonite-group carbonates by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 97 707-712 | 2012 | Dreisteinfurt, Westphalia, Germany | 0 | 300 | |
| 0000234 | Strontianite | de Villiers J P R (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite American Mineralogist 56 758-767 | | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010714 | Strontianite | Pannhorst W, Lohn J (1970) Zur kristallstruktur von strontianit, SrCO3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 131 455-459 | | 1970 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.367 Å | (14) |
| 4.207 Å | (6) |
| 3.535 Å | (100) |
| 3.450 Å | (70) |
| 3.014 Å | (22) |
| 2.859 Å | (5) |
| 2.838 Å | (20) |
| 2.596 Å | (12) |
| 2.554 Å | (23) |
| 2.481 Å | (34) |
| 2.458 Å | (40) |
| 2.4511 Å | (33) |
| 2.2646 Å | (5) |
| 2.1831 Å | (16) |
| 2.1035 Å | (7) |
| 2.0526 Å | (50) |
| 1.9860 Å | (26) |
| 1.9489 Å | (21) |
| 1.9053 Å | (35) |
| 1.8514 Å | (3) |
| 1.8253 Å | (31) |
| 1.8134 Å | (16) |
| 1.8023 Å | (4) |
| 1.7685 Å | (7) |
| 1.7253 Å | (5) |
| 1.6684 Å | (3) |
| 1.6236 Å | (4) |
| 1.6080 Å | (13) |
| 1.5981 Å | (3) |
| 1.5676 Å | (13) |
| 1.5447 Å | (11) |
| 1.5072 Å | (3) |
| 1.4782 Å | (6) |
| 1.4596 Å | (4) |
| 1.4551 Å | (9) |
| 1.4293 Å | (6) |
| 1.4246 Å | (7) |
| 1.4120 Å | (5) |
| 1.4024 Å | (4) |
| 1.3100 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 5-418 (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal deposits in limestone and marl or as a gangue mineral in sulfide veins; as geodes or concretionary masses in limestone or clay.
Type Occurrence of Strontianite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In veins in gneiss.
Synonyms of Strontianite
Other Language Names for Strontianite
Catalan:Estroncianita
Dutch:Strontianiet
Finnish:Strontianiitti
Galician:Estroncianita
Hungarian:Stroncianit
Italian:Stronzianite
Japanese:ストロンチアン鉱
Low Saxon/Low German:Strunz
Polish:Stroncjanit
Portuguese:Estroncianita
Russian:Стронцианит
Slovak:Strontianit
Spanish:Estroncianita
Strontianita
Strontianita
Varieties of Strontianite
| Emmonite | A calcian (calcium-bearing) strontianite. This variety is not uncommon - strontianite very often contains minor calcium. Originally reported from Großkogel Mt., St Gertraudi, Brixlegg - Rattenberg, Brixlegg - Schwaz area, Inn valley, North Tyrol, Tyrol,... |
Relationship of Strontianite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Aragonite Group:
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 459 photos of Strontianite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 199 photos of Strontianite associated with Celestine | SrSO4 |
| 150 photos of Strontianite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 131 photos of Strontianite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 128 photos of Strontianite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 54 photos of Strontianite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 52 photos of Strontianite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 50 photos of Strontianite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 39 photos of Strontianite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 20 photos of Strontianite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.AB.05 | Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Gaspéite | NiCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Spherocobaltite | CoCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Otavite | CdCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 va | 'Parakutnohorite' | |
| 5.AB.10 | Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Minrecordite | CaZn(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Škáchaite | CaCo(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.15 | Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Witherite | BaCO3 |
| 5.AB.20 | Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.25 | Huntite | CaMg3(CO3)4 |
| 5.AB.30 | Norsethite | BaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.35 | Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Paralstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Olekminskite | Sr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.45 | Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.50 | Carbocernaite | (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.55 | Benstonite | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13 |
| 5.AB.60 | Juangodoyite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 |
Fluorescence of Strontianite
Fluorescent and phosphorescent in UV, X-rays, and electron beams. Bluish white (SW, MW, and LW), also white, pink or greenish white.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Inverts to a hexagonal modification upon heating.
Thermoluminescent at times.
Thermoluminescent at times.
Notes:
Soluble in dilute HCl.
Alters to celestine and found as an alteration of celestine.
Alters to celestine and found as an alteration of celestine.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Strontianite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3805.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Strontianite
Reference List:
Bourgeois, Léon (1882) Reproduction artificielle de la withérite, de la strontianite et de la calcite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 5 (4) 111-112 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1882.1721
Cathrein, A. (1888) Ueber Calciostrontianit (Emmonit) von Brixlegg. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 14 (1-6). 366-374 doi:10.1524/zkri.1888.14.1.366
Buchrucker, L. (1891) Die Mineralien der Erzlagerstätten von Leogang in Salzburg. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 19 (1). 113-166 doi:10.1524/zkri.1891.19.1.113p.146
Mallard, Ernest (1895) Sur l'alstonite et la barytocalcite. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie, 18 (1) 7-12 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1895.2369 p.12
Cork, J. M., Gerhard, S. L. (1931) Crystal structure of the series of barium and strontium carbonates. American Mineralogist, 16 (2) 71-77
Köhler, A., Leitmeier, H. (1934) Die natürliche Thermolumineszenz bei Mineralien und Gesteinen. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 87 (1). 146-180 doi:10.1524/zkri.1934.87.1.146
Hanna; Krejci-Graf, Karl (1934) Fluoreszenzfarben von Mineralen. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 88 (1-6). p.260-264. doi:10.1524/zkri.1934.88.1.260
Holland, H.D, Borcsik, M, Munoz, J, Oxburgh, U.M (1963) The coprecipitation of Sr+2 with aragonite and of Ca+2 with strontianite between 90° and 100°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27 (9) 957-977 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(63)90105-4
Pannhorst, W., Löhn, J. (1970) Zur Kristallstruktur von Strontianit, SrCO3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 131 (1). 455-459 doi:10.1524/zkri.1970.131.1-6.455
de Villiers, Johan P. R. (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 758-767
Speer, J. Alexander, Hensley-Dunn, Margaret L. (1976) Strontianite composition and physical properties. American Mineralogist, 61 (9-10) 1001-1004
Jarosch, Dietmar, Heger, Gernot (1988) Neutron diffraction investigation of strontianite, SrCO3. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 111 (2) 139-142 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1988.8078
Böttcher, Michael E., Gehlken, Peer-Lennart, Fernández-González, Ángeles, Prieto, Manuel (1997) Characterization of synthetic BaCO3 – SrCO3 (witherite-strontianite) solid-solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9 (3) 519-528 doi:10.1127/ejm/9/3/0519
Alía, J.M.; de Mera, Y.Díaz; Edwards, H.G.M.; Martín, P.González; Andres, S.López (1997) FT-Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of aragonite-strontianite (CaxSr1−xCO3) solid solution. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 53 (13). 2347-2362 doi:10.1016/s1386-1425(97)00175-3
Localities for Strontianite
Showing 813 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Tucker et al. (2012) |
Angola | |
| Lapido-Loureiro +4 other references |
| Gonçalves +5 other references |
| Lapido-Loureiro +3 other references |
| Orris et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Alves +6 other references |
| Cruz et al. (2008) |
| Lapido-Loureiro +3 other references |
Argentina | |
| Bouhier et al. (2023) |
| M. B. FRANCHINI et al. (8300) +6 other references |
| NUEVOS DATOS MINERALOGICOS DEL PROSPECTO DE ETRL (Nb) | |
Australia | |
| Brian England pers comm |
| Haynes et al. (1995) |
| Bottrill (2021) |
| Simon (2019) |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
| Dunkan et al. (1990) +4 other references |
| Sung (2008) +1 other reference | |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1964) +1 other reference |
| Brandstätter (2009) |
| Mörtl (1985) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Prasnik et al. (2010) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr (2009) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| E. Schroll: Carinthia II (1960) | |
| Meixner (1980) | |
| Walter F. (2022) |
| Haberlandt (1938) |
| Auer (1998) |
| - (n.d.) +2 other references |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| C.Auer (2024) | |
| W. Stoll collection. |
| Strasser (1998) | |
| Putz et al. (2005) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (in prep.) +2 other references |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| C.Auer (2018) |
| Strasser (2010) |
| Niedermayr (2000) |
| Markus Rosenkranz collection |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Poeverlein (1987) +1 other reference |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr (1985) +1 other reference |
| Taucher (1994) |
| C.Auer (2011) |
| [var: Emmonite] Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +2 other references | |
| Hackenberg (2003) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) | |
| Taucher (1997) |
| Taucher (1994) |
| Taucher (1993) |
| Leikauf (2003) |
| Schachinger et al. (2013) |
| Postl et al. (2010) |
| [var: Emmonite] Postl+Moser (1988) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Hajek et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch (2016) +1 other reference |
| [var: Emmonite] Econ Geol (1990) |
| Thilo Arlt Collection | |
| Putz et al. (2007) | |
| [var: Emmonite] Cathrein (1888) | |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Gstrein (1981) |
| [var: Emmonite] - (1994, July) |
| - (1994, July) | |
| [var: Emmonite] - (1994, July) | |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Arthofer (1995) | |
| self-collected by Gerhard Brandstetter | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| self-collected by Gerhard Brandstetter |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| J. König and G.Brandstetter collections | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Wittern (1994) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2014) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2011) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Polz (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Niedermayr (1987) |
| Polz (1989) | |
| 70. +3 other references | |
| Zirkl (1986) +4 other references |
| Polz (1989) |
| Wagenplast et al. (2003) |
Bolivia | |
| Analyses by Dr. Anthony Kampf on Los ... +1 other reference |
| Schultz et al. (2004) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Alves Santos et al. (2021) |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
| Guarino (2010) | |
| Biondi et al. (2020) |
| Traversa et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Traversa et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Horváth | |
| Guarino et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| JENKINS II (1987) |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| American Mineralogist +2 other references | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Locock (1994) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Taseko |
| - (2022) |
| Choo (1972) |
| Hogarth (1997) |
| Jeffrey Shallit Collection |
| Steve Stuart collection- collected and ... | |
| Sabina (1986) |
| R. Mielke 2008 +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) | |
| Sabina (1986) | |
| MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00079 |
| Rocks & Min.:59:206 & 212 |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) | |
| Savard (2019) |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Alex Marquis +1 other reference |
| Horváth collection |
| Horváth Collection - confirmed visually |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... |
| Peck et al. (2019) |
| Gold (1969) +1 other reference |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Arnaldo Brunetti photo and specimen |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) | |
| Sabina (1983) |
| "Tarassoff Collection" |
| 176-178. +2 other references | |
| Sabina (1978) | |
| Horváth collection +1 other reference |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Fournier (1993) |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
Cape Verde | |
China | |
| Li +4 other references |
| Sichun Zhou et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Gao et al. (2023) |
| [var: Emmonite] Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Dai et al. (2025) |
| Ma et al. (2021) |
| Xie et al. (2026) |
| [var: Emmonite] Youbin Liang et al. (1981) | |
| Zhang et al. (2004) |
| - (1978) |
| Wu et al. (2019) | |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +1 other reference |
| Huang et al. (lead) +4 other references |
| Ding et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Shao et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Yu et al. (2022) |
| Xiaoyu Li (2005) +2 other references |
| Qu YW et al. (2021) |
| Xu Jiuhua et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Li et al. (2025) | |
| Li et al. (2025) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Liu |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2004) |
| Xue et al. (2007) | |
| Cui et al. (2025) |
Croatia | |
| [var: Emmonite] Siftar et al. (1973) |
Czech Republic | |
| Skupien |
| Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 25, 1971) | |
| I.Vašina (april 2011) | |
| Rusek P. (Část 20., květen-červen 1965) | |
| Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ... |
| Pauliš | |
| Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 25, 1971) | |
| Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 24, 1970) +1 other reference |
| Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ... | |
| Rusek P. (Část 20., květen-červen 1965) | |
| Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ... |
| Jirásek et al. (2023) |
| [var: Emmonite] Jirásek et al. (2013) |
| Jirásek et al. (2023) |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
DR Congo | |
| Johari |
| Johari |
| Nasraoui et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| El Ramly +4 other references |
Europe | |
| Ferenc Š. & Rojkovič I. (2001) |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen (1980) +1 other reference |
| Al-Ani et al. (2009) +2 other references | |
| Al-Ani et al. (2013) | |
| Sotka +2 other references |
| Yara International |
France | |
| Yves Masson specimen. +2 other references |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection | |
| Martin (2005) |
| |
| |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| ... |
| François Garric collection |
| Stephane Maury Collection +1 other reference |
| Jahn (2005) | |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Yves Masson collection |
| Stephane Maury Collection |
| self collected S. Maury 2015 |
| Mari (1996) |
Germany | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2014) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| Hans-Jürgen Haas collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schmitt (1994) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| M Seitz collection |
| collection Joachim Esche |
| Strasser (2009) +1 other reference |
| Müller (1984) |
| Sebastian Axt Collection |
| |
| Manfred Kampf collection |
| |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Hotze (1989) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Unland (2004) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Harder (1964) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1983 (7/8) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) | |
| Dana et al. (1892) +1 other reference | |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Harder (1964) |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Eiternick (2004) |
| Edmund Ratajczak collection | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Naumann et al. (1898) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Hoffmann (2012) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Steffen Michalski Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Hoffmann (2012) |
Greece | |
| Rewitzer et al. (1982) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Petersen et al. (2004) |
| Brooks et al. (1982, June) |
| Knudsen et al. (2024) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
| Grice et al. (2006) | |
| Petersen et al. (1985) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ... |
India | |
| Shaikh et al. (2017) |
| Kaur et al. (2016) |
| Kaur et al. (2013) | |
| Rock et al. (1992) |
| Bhushan (2015) +1 other reference |
| Mishra (1987) +5 other references |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
| Ackerman et al. (2017) |
| Rao et al. (1978) |
| Burtseva et al. (2013) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kaur et al. (2017) |
| Saini et al. (2022) |
| Middlemost et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Kent et al. (1998) |
Iran | |
| Sepahvand et al. (2026) |
| Sepahvand et al. (2026) | |
| Sepahvand et al. (2026) | |
| Daliran (2008) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton (2008) |
| Moreton (2008) |
Italy | |
| Emiliani (1994) |
| Fabrizio Adorni Collection |
| Borghi et al. (1995) |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Esposito (2005) |
| A. Bertolini:Tormalina e altri Minerali ... |
| Fabio Brignoli collection |
| Castelletti S. (2009) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Maglia (1988) |
| Martini et al. (2001) |
| Macchiarella et al. (2026) |
| Gerd Stefanik collection |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Franzini et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) | |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| Stoppa et al. (2014) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Miyajima (2014) |
| Matsubara & Kato (1988) +1 other reference |
| Matsubara & Kato (1977) +2 other references |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Kenya | |
| Onuonga (1997) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| homepage.usask.ca (2001) +1 other reference |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill +14 other references |
| Garson (1963) +1 other reference |
| Mkango Resources | |
| Garson (1962) +3 other references | |
| Dowman et al. (2017) |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Observed on specimens obtained from ... |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Wu et al. (2025) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Dana 7. +1 other reference | |
| Minera Autlan |
| Miranda-Gasca et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Elias-Herrera et al. (1991) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Bouabdellah et al. (2022) |
| Khadem Allah (1993) +1 other reference |
| Jeremine et al. (1947) +9 other references | |
Namibia | |
| Thompson et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Sitnikova et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Prins +3 other references | |
| Kogut et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Reinhard et al. (2025) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
New Zealand | |
| Cooper et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| [var: Emmonite] Cooper (1996) |
| Woolley (2019) | |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2014) |
| Zozulya et al. (2020) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Kjærnet (2012) |
| Larsen (2003) |
| Ihlen et al. (2014) |
Oman | |
| Rajendran et al. (2014) |
| Nasir |
| Nasir | |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (1981) +2 other references |
Paraguay | |
| Piero Comin-Chiaramonti (1996) |
Poland | |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) |
| Dziedzic et al. (1983) +16 other references |
| Włodyka et al. (1998) |
| Hohenegger L. 1847: Notitzen aus der ... |
| Huber et al. (1980) |
Portugal | |
| Alves et al. (2010) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Konev et al. (1993) |
| Dokuchits et al. (2022) | |
| Konev et al. (1996) | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2007) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2008) |
| Bulnaev (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Чередниченко et al. (2014) |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) | |
| Nedosekova (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Popova et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Joan Rosell-Riba (2025) |
| Савельева et al. (2021) |
| Savel'eva et al. (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Konev A A et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) | |
| Prokopyev et al. (2024) | |
| Koneva A.A. et al. (2010) |
| [var: Emmonite] Konev et al. (2005) | |
| Sidorov et al. (2017, August) |
| Potapova et al. (2026) |
| Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin +12 other references |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2019) |
| Bolonin et al. (2009) |
| ... |
| Volume 2: Minerals [Минералы]. Nauka et al. (in Russian) +6 other references | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) | |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2008) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2024) | |
| Pekov et al. (2003) +2 other references | |
| American Mineralogist | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (1998) | |
| ... | |
| Fomina et al. (2020) |
| Konopleva et al. (2008) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) | |
| Kozlov +11 other references | |
| ... +2 other references |
| Mineralogy of Khibiny massif et al. (in Russ.) |
| Pakhomovsky et al. (2002) | |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2005) | |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Alrosa |
| Timophei Pashko data |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist 49:1774-1775 +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín D. |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Zacharov M. & Peterec D. +1 other reference |
| Ďuďa |
| Števko |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ozdín et al. (2007) |
| Chovan et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Števko M. (2021) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Lee +1 other reference | |
| Hammond et al. (2002) |
| Cairncross & Dixon (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Moore et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Gnos et al. (2003) |
| Kumba Iron Ore |
| Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
South Korea | |
| Lee et al. (106-24) +3 other references |
Spain | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Viñals et al. (2008) | |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Arana et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Coello et al. (92) +10 other references |
| Casillas et al. (2011) | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| fotosdepelu.blogspot.nl (n.d.) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein +2 other references |
Sudan | |
| Baioumy (2021) |
| Baioumy (2021) | |
Sweden | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Kresten +20 other references |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schweizer Strahler 2/2009 |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Soom (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Uebelhart (1991) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Kipfer (1984) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev (2010) |
| Mitchell et al. (2021) | |
| AngloGold Ashanti Limited |
Tunisia | |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Stumpfl et al. (1985) |
UK | |
| Young (1987) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Embrey (1978) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| Hanson Limited |
| BMS Collection +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| Rutley (1902) |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Wood (1993) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| P. Nicholson Collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Dunham et al. (1985) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Rutley (1902) |
| |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1885 6 : 173-174 |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
| King (1942) +3 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Chris Popham Collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| Belous et al. (1984) |
| Kryvdik S. G. · Sharygin V. V. · Gatsenko V. O. · Lunev E. S. (2016) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| - (2008) |
| MRDS file #10060160. |
| Moore (1935) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:111. |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Chandler (1996) |
| U.S. Borax |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Wiese (1946) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Knopf (1918b) +8 other references |
| Knopf (1918b) +3 other references | |
| Vonsen (1951) |
| Eakle (1908) +3 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| Knopf (1918b) +3 other references | |
| Olson et al. (1954) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Tucker (1939) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Armbrustmacher (1988) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Min News 5:10 pp 1-5 |
| Milton (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| Cran Cowan specimen |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 221. +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:211 | |
| A. Goldstein collection | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:225. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:216 |
| www.mineralcollecting.org (n.d.) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Rocks & Min.:61:148 +1 other reference | |
| E Harrington collection | |
| Steve Hajdu photo | |
| E Harrington collection | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Rocks & Min.:61:150 +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals Magazine Vol. 69 No. 4 (jul/aug 1994) +1 other reference |
| Specimen in collection of Steve Stuart |
| - (2005) |
| |
| T. Kennedy collection |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Alan Goldstein collection. |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
| G. Scott Braley Collection |
| Rocks & Min.: 22: 226-227. |
| From Scot French collection |
| Edith Trybalski |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Travis Olds collection |
| |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Saunders et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Oyelayo et al. (2026) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| |
| Gammons et al. (2024) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Dunn (1979) +1 other reference |
| Kelley et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18162 |
| Kelly et al. (1999) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no.2640 |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 19584 |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:469-470. |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Jensen (1942) |
| Donald Lapham examined from Dale ... |
| Am. Jour. Sci. (1911) |
| Chamberlain et al. (2013) |
| Rocks & min.:64 (5) |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| James Dwight Dana (1896) | |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) | |
| Marian Lupulescu et al. (2010) |
| Chamberlain et al. (2001) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18286 |
| King (n.d.) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| www.rockmanjoe.com/Georgetown.html. |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Jamison K. Brizendine specimens | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Joseph Vasichko (Collected by him at the quarry) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Scott Campbell Collection |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +1 other reference |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +1 other reference |
| Copious amounts collected during PESA ... |
| David W. Reynolds (1946-2015) |
| C.R. Carnein collection |
| collected by J. Dague |
| Rocks & Min.: 58: 265-266. |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1976 +1 other reference |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +1 other reference |
| Jeff Wilson Collection |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| |
| Ref.1 +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 111. |
| Jensen et al. (1) +1 other reference |
| Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| E.L. Clopton collection #1591 +1 other reference | |
| Rylan Lopez Collection - inferred from ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bruce Thorne |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:170. +1 other reference |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: +1 other reference | |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: | |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: | |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Williams (1890) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2017) |
| Osterwald (1952) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
Vietnam | |
| THUY et al. (2017) |
| [var: Emmonite] Feldman l.G. et al. (1987) +4 other references | |
| Li et al. (2023) |
Zambia | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
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Dreislar Mine, Dreislar, Medebach, Hochsauerlandkreis, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany