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Today (September 13)
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September 13 .jpg) Thomas Hardy (13 September 1666 – 16 August 1732) was a Royal Navy officer and politician. In 1702, he was given command of HMS Pembroke and fought at the Battle of Cádiz and the Battle of Vigo Bay, where he was knighted for his services. In 1707, Hardy was sent as escort to a convoy sailing for Lisbon where he met the squadron of René Duguay-Trouin. Hardy became first captain to John Leake in the Mediterranean in 1708, assisting in the transport of Elisabeth Christine to Spain for her marriage to Archduke Charles, and participating in the capture of Cagliari and the assault on Minorca. He was promoted to rear-admiral and given command of a squadron to blockade Dunkirk. After briefly serving as commander-in-chief, the Nore, Thames and Medway, Hardy commanded a squadron off Ushant where he failed to intercept the squadrons of Duguay-Trouin and Jean-Baptiste du Casse. In 1715, he was second-in-command of the Baltic Fleet sent to serve in the Great Northern War, but he was dismissed in 1716. (Full article...)
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 Model of Luna 2
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September 13
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Tomorrow (September 14)
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September 14  13th-century depiction of Melisende Melisende (c. 1109 – 1161) was the queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1152. The eldest daughter and heir of Baldwin II, she was crowned alongside her husband, Fulk. He initially sidelined Melisende, but she forced him to share power after a baronial uprising in 1134. Together they strengthened the crusader kingdom's defenses, while Melisende became celebrated for supporting its Christian communities. When Fulk died in 1143, she assumed full power and was crowned again with their son Baldwin III. After Edessa fell to Muslims in 1144, Melisende urged European intervention, helping set the Second Crusade in motion. Her relationship with Baldwin deteriorated as she resisted sharing authority with him. After a brief division of the kingdom, Baldwin invaded her territory and forced her to abdicate. From her new seat in Nablus, she remained involved in state and church affairs. William of Tyre praised Melisende as a wise and capable ruler, while modern historians are divided in their assessment. (Full article...) |
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 Nur Muhammad Taraki
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September 14 The 2025 Senate election in the Philippines occurred on May 12, 2025, to elect one-half (12 seats) of the Senate. The senators elected in 2025, together with those elected in 2022, comprise the Senate's delegation in the 20th Congress. There were 66 total candidates from 20 parties. Four coalitions were also established: Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas, DuterTen, KiBam, and Makabayan. 82.20% of the registered citizens voted in the elections, the largest turnout in Philippine midterm election history; Alyansa won six seats, DuterTen won four seats, and KiBam won two seats. The proclamation of the 12 winning senators was held on May 17 at the Manila Hotel. (Full list...) | |||
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In two days (September 15)
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September 15 .jpg) Menches's application for the post of scribe Menches was the village scribe of Kerkeosiris in Ptolemaic Egypt. He was appointed scribe sometime before 119 BC, and was responsible for assessing taxes and land on behalf of the pharaoh. Menches was acquitted of attempted murder in 118 BC, after which he requested royal protection from harassment. He continued to serve as scribe until 110 BC, although labor strikes made it difficult for him to perform his duties. Papyri from his office (example pictured) were used to wrap crocodile mummies at a temple in Tebtunis in the 1st century BC. In 1900, English archaeologists Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt discovered the papyri at the temple. Known as the "archive of Menches", the papyri are the only known evidence for Menches's life, and are an important source for daily life and government in ancient Egypt. The archive is held at the Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. (Full article...) |
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September 15: Battle of Britain Day in the United Kingdom (1940)
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In three days (September 16)
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September 16 .jpg) Grace Coolidge (1879–1957) was the first lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 as the wife of President Calvin Coolidge. Born and raised in Burlington, Vermont, she attended the University of Vermont, then moved to Northampton, Massachusetts, to teach at Clarke School for the Deaf. She married Calvin in 1905 and Calvin's career progressed in state politics. They moved to Washington, D.C., after Calvin's election as vice president in 1921, and into the White House after the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Coolidge was active as first lady, hosting thousands of guests each year, making regular public appearances in the President's stead. She was a highly popular first lady; her fashion choices were influential among American women. The Coolidges returned to Northampton in 1929, and she began traveling following her husband's death in 1933. Coolidge was an advocate of American involvement in World War II. She was involved in schools and programs for the deaf until her death. (Full article...)
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September 16: Malaysia Day in Malaysia (1963); Independence Day in Papua New Guinea (1975)  Radar image of Typhoon Nancy
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September 16  Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford, seven-time Canadian national champions in pair skating The Canadian National Skating Championships are an annual figure skating competition organized by Skate Canada to crown the national champions of Canada. While unofficial championships had been held since 1905, the first official championships were held in 1914 in Ottawa. Competition has been interrupted twice: from 1915 to 1919 due to World War I, and in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Medals are awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronized skating at the senior and junior levels. Patrick Chan holds the record for winning the most Canadian Championship titles in men's singles with ten, while Constance Wilson-Samuel holds the record in women's singles with nine. Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (pictured) hold the record in pair skating with seven titles, while Shae-Lynn Bourne and Victor Kraatz hold the record in ice dance with ten. (Full list...) | |||
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In four days (September 17)
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September 17  Courtney LaPlante Eternal Blue is the debut studio album by the Canadian heavy-metal band Spiritbox. It was released on September 17, 2021, through Pale Chord Records and Rise Records. Vocalist Courtney LaPlante (pictured) and guitarist Mike Stringer formed Spiritbox in 2016 following their departure from Iwrestledabearonce, and began development on Eternal Blue in 2018. Planned for an April 2020 release, progress halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After releasing "Holy Roller" and "Constance" as singles in the second half of 2020, the band finished the album by March 2021 with producer Daniel Braunstein. Showcasing influences from Slipknot, Deftones, Depeche Mode, and Tears for Fears, among other artists, Eternal Blue includes a diverse array of heavy metal styles and electronic elements, and LaPlante used both screamed and clean vocals on the album. Once recording was completed, three more songs were released as singles preceding the album: "Circle with Me", "Secret Garden", and "Hurt You". (Full article...)
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September 17: Constitution Day and Citizenship Day in the United States .jpg) Harriet Tubman
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In five days (September 18)
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September 18  Naval bombardment of Athens during the Noemvriana The Noemvriana was an armed confrontation in Athens on 1 December 1916 between the Kingdom of Greece and the Allied Powers and their supporters. The crisis arose from disputes over Greek neutrality during the First World War. The Allies feared a secret alliance between King Constantine I and the Central Powers that could endanger their army bivouacking in Thessaloniki. The establishment of Eleftherios Venizelos's Allied-backed provisional government in Thessaloniki to create an army in assistance to the Allies divided Greece. Failed negotiations prompted the Allies to land in Athens to compel the surrender of war materiel. They encountered organized resistance from royalist forces, triggering hours of fighting before a negotiated withdrawal. Their departure was followed by royalist mobs attacking Venizelists across Athens, marking the height of the National Schism. Following an Allied naval blockade and Constantine's abdication, Greece joined the war, helping to secure the Allied victory. (Full article...)
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 Statue of Nerva
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September 18 The Indo-European language family comprises a vast number of languages and dialects spoken throughout the world today. These languages are descended from a common ancestor known as Proto-Indo-European, which scholars estimate was spoken about six thousand years ago. Historical linguists have proposed various sound laws to explain how modern Indo-European languages and their subfamilies diverged from their Proto-Indo-European ancestor. While it is generally thought that the Anatolian languages broke off first, the internal relations of the other widely-accepted subfamilies – Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, Italic, and Tocharian – are unclear and the subject of scholarly debate. (Full list...) | |||
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In six days (September 19)
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September 19 Ashton-under-Lyne is a market town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. The population was 48,604 at the 2021 census. Historically part of Lancashire, it is on the north bank of the River Tame, 6 mi (10 km) east of Manchester. The "Ashton" in the town's name probably derives from Old English, meaning 'settlement by ash trees'. The origin of the suffix "-under-Lyne" is less clear; it possibly derives from the Brittonic-originating word lemo, meaning 'elm'. Ashton became a market town from 1414, when the manor was granted a royal charter. The factory system and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution triggered a process of unplanned urbanisation in the area, and by the mid–19th century Ashton had emerged as an important mill town at a convergence of canals and railways. The town saw significant economic decline in the 1920s, with the majority of its mills closing due to insufficient exports. Nevertheless, Ashton has continued to thrive as a centre of commerce. (Full article...)
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September 19: International Talk Like a Pirate Day  Meditation
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In seven days (September 20)
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September 20  Misti as seen from Arequipa Misti is a volcano in the southern Peruvian Andes, rising above Arequipa, Peru's second-largest city. Because it is only 12 km (8 mi) from Arequipa and its million-plus inhabitants, it is considered one of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. Narrow valleys on its western and southern flanks pose particular threats, as mudflows and fast-moving flows of hot volcanic debris could be channelled into the urban area and into important infrastructure, like hydropower plants. The last two significant eruptions were 2,000 years ago and from 1440 to 1470. Even a moderate eruption could deposit volcanic ash and tephra over most of the city. A volcano observatory monitors the mountain. The Inca viewed the volcano as a threat, and during the 1440–1470 eruption offered human sacrifices (capacocha) on Misti and neighbouring mountains to placate the volcano; the mummies on Misti form the largest known Inca human sacrifice. (Full article...)
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 Great Buddha of Kamakura
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September 20
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