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Northern Mansi
ма̄ньси ла̄тыӈ, ма̄ньщи ла̄тыӈ
mānʹsʹi lātyň
Pronunciation[maːnʲɕi laːtəŋ] ⓘ
Native toRussia
RegionKhanty–Mansi, Sverdlovsk
Native speakers
All: 2,200
Daily users: ~900 (2021)[1]
Dialects
  • Severnaya Sosva
  • Sygva
  • Upper Lozva
  • Ob
Cyrillic (Mansi alphabet)
Official status
Regulated byOb-Ugric Institute of Applied Science and Development
Language codes
ISO 639-3mns (all Mansi varieties)
Glottologmans1258
ELPNorthern Mansi
Map of regions where those who speak the extant
Northern Mansi language.(2020/21)
  65%-75%
  15%-35%
Northern Mansi is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
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Northern Mansi (ма̄ньси ла̄тыӈ, pronounced [maːnʲɕi laːtəŋ] ⓘ) is the sole surviving member of the Mansi languages, spoken in Russia in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Northern Mansi has strong Russian, Komi, Nenets, and Northern Khanty influence, and is the literary Mansi language. There is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun.

This article focuses on the Severnaya Sosva dialect of Northern Mansi, considered the literary language.

Dialects

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Dialects are named after the rivers their speakers originally lived next to. Mutual intelligibility between dialects can vary.

  • Sosva/Severnaya Sosva (on the Northern Sosva river)
  • Sygva (on the Sygva river)
  • Upper Lozva (on the Lozva river)
  • Ob (on or near the Khanty-Mansi part of the Ob river; sub-dialectal differentiation in upper, middle, lower Ob dialects)

The Upper Lozva dialect was restricted to the upper course of the river around the turn of the 20th century, but following migrations of reindeer-herding families southward in the 1930s, today extends along the whole river basin down to the vicinity of Ivdel, while the Lower Lozva dialect of Western Mansi earlier spoken there has become extinct. In this region Northern Mansi continues to be actively learned by children.[2]

Differences

[edit]

The main differences between dialects are phonetic, though vocabulary differences also occur. Grammar is usually universal across the Northern Mansi.

  • The infinitive verb ending is -ӈкве at Sosva, -ӈкв at Upper Lozva.
  • /ɣ/ г becomes /j/ й at Upper Lozva.
  • /k/ к before the front vowels /e/ or /i/ is palatalized to /tʲ/ т + и/е at Sygva, resulting in e.g. тит 'two' for literary кит.
  • /kʷ/ кв becomes /k/ before front vowels at Sygva, and in general at Ivdel[2] and at the Ob.[3]

Minor differences exist also in orthography:

  • сь is preferred at Sosva for the [ɕ] sound, щ at Upper Lozva, щь at Ivdel.

Examples

[edit]
  • Sosva: "Ханисьтан хум ханисьтаӈкве ха̄сыс, ханисьтахтын ня̄врам ханисьтахтуӈкве ат таӈхыс." — "A teacher could teach, but a student couldn’t study."[4]
  • Upper Lozva: "А̄йирищум иӈ ма̄нь, но̄х-яныймаӈкв ат паты" - "My daughter is still small, she won't grow up."[5]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Sosva Northern Mansi consonants[6]
Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
Palatal		 Velar
Plain Labialized
Nasals /m/ ⟨м⟩ /n/ ⟨н⟩ /nʲ/ ⟨нь⟩ /ŋ/ ⟨ӈ⟩
Stops /p/ ⟨п⟩ /t/ ⟨т⟩ /tʲ/ ⟨ть⟩ /k/ ⟨к⟩ /kʷ/ ⟨кв⟩
Fricatives /s/ ⟨с⟩ /ɕ/ [1] ~
/sʲ/ ⟨щ⟩ ~ ⟨сь⟩		 /x/ /ɣ/ ⟨х⟩ ⟨г⟩
Semivowels /j/ ⟨й⟩ /w/ ⟨в⟩
Laterals /l/ ⟨л⟩ /lʲ/ ⟨ль⟩
Trill /r/ ⟨р⟩
  1. /ɕ/ is an allophone of /sʲ/.[7]

The Ob dialect preserves Proto-Mansi *š /ʃ/ and has adopted, from the Ob dialects of Northern Khanty, the lateral fricatives /ɬ/ and /ɬʲ/ in place of /l/ and /lʲ/.[8] The Ob and Ivdel dialects lack /kʷ/; the latter also uses [kʲ] for /tʲ/.[2]

Vowels

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Northern Mansi has a largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short **/e/ and having a very rare long [iː]:

Remarks:

  1. ы/и /i/ has a velar allophone [ɨ] before г /ɣ/ and after х /x/.[9]
  2. Long [iː] occurs as a rare and archaic phonetic variant of /eː/, cf. э̄ти ~ ӣти (‘in the evening, evenings’)[10]
  3. Long /eː/ and /oː/ can be pronounced as diphthongs [e͜ɛ] and [o͜ɔ].[9]
  4. у /u/ is found in unstressed (“non-first”) syllables before в /w/, in the infinitive suffix -ункве /uŋkʷe/ and in obscured compound words.[9]
  5. Reduced /ə/ becomes labialized [ə̹] or [ɞ̯] before bilabial consonants м /m/ and п /p/.[9]

Unlike other recorded Mansi varieties, there are no front open vowels /æ/, /æː/; Proto-Mansi *ä and *ǟ have generally developed to /a/, /aː/. Vowel harmony has been likewise lost.

Alphabet

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The highlighted letters, and Г with the value /ɡ/, are used only in names and loanwords. The allophones /ɕ/ and /sʲ/ are written with the letter Щ or the digraph СЬ respectively.

А а А̄ а̄ Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Е̄ е̄ Ё ё Ё̄ ё̄ Ж ж
З з И и Ӣ ӣ Й й К к Л л М м Н н Ӈ ӈ О о О̄ о̄
П п Р р С с Т т У у Ӯ ӯ Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш
Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ы̄ ы̄ Ь ь Э э Э̄ э̄ Ю ю Ю̄ ю̄ Я я Я̄ я̄

Grammar

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Northern Mansi is an agglutinating, subject–object–verb (SOV) language.[11]

Article

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One way to express a noun's definiteness in a sentence is with articles, and Northern Mansi uses two articles. The Indefinite is derived from the demonstrative pronominal word ань ('now'), the definite is derived from the number аква/акв ('one'); ань ('the'), акв ('a/an'). They both are used before the defined word. And if their adverbial and numeral meanings are to be expressed; ань always stands before the verb or a word with a similar function and is usually stressed, акв behaves the same and is always stressed.[12]

It's worth noting that the Northern Mansi newspaper, Lūimā sēripos (Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос), doesn't use the before-mentioned words as articles.

Definiteness (determination) can also be expressed by the third (less often second) person singular possession marker,[13] or in case of direct objects, using transitive conjugation.[14] E.g. а̄мп (’dog’) → а̄мпе (’his/her/its dog’, ’the dog’); ха̄п (’boat’) → ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтас (’he/she pushed a boat in the water’) ≠ ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтастэ (’he/she pushed the boat in the water’).

Nouns

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There is no grammatical gender. Mansi distinguishes between singular, dual and plural number. Six grammatical cases exist. Possession is expressed using possessive suffixes, for example -ум, which means "my".

Grammatical cases, declining

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There are 5 ways the case suffix can change.

Missing cases can be expressed using postpositions, such as халныл (χalnəl, 'of, out of'), саит (sait, 'after, behind'), etc.

Possession

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Possession is expressed with possessive suffixes, and the suffix change is determined by the last letter of a word. There are 5 ways that the suffixes can change:

Verbs

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Northern Mansi conjugation has three persons, three numbers, two tenses, and five moods. Active and passive voices exist.

There is no clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.[16]

The verb can conjugate in a Definite and Indefinite way which depends on if the sentence has an object, which the action depicted by the verb refers to directly.

Personal suffixes

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Personal suffixes are attached after the verbal marker. The suffixes are the following:

Singular Dual Plural
1st person -ум -ме̄н -в
2nd person -ын -ы̄н -ы̄н
3rd person -ø -ø -ыт

Tenses

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Tenses are formed with suffixes except for the future.

Present tense
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The tense suffix precedes the personal suffix. The form of the present tense suffix depends on the character of the verbal stem, as well as moods. Tense conjugation is formed with the suffixes -эг, -э̄г, -и, -э, -э̄, -г, or -в.[17] In the following examples, the tense suffix is in bold and the personal ending is in italic.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитэ̄гум рӯпитыме̄н рӯпитэ̄в
2nd person рӯпитэ̄гын рӯпитэгы̄н рӯпитэгы̄н
3rd person рӯпиты рӯпитэ̄г рӯпитэ̄гыт

The present tense suffix -э̄г is used if the following personal marker contains a consonant or a highly reduced vowel; the suffix -эг is used if the following personal marker has a stronger vowel, as it is the case in 2nd person dual and plural. 1st person dual has no tense marker but rather a ы between the verb stem and personal ending.

Verb stems that end in a vowel, have -г as verbal marker. Verb stems that end with the vowel у have -в as verbal marker.[18]

3rd person dual has no personal ending. If the verbal stem ends in a vowel, the tense suffix becomes -ыг.

1st person plural personal ending is -в if the verbal stems ends in a consonant; the personal ending becomes -ув if the verbal stem ends in a vowel.

Past tense
[edit]

The past tense suffix if the verb stem is monosylabalic is -ыс- and if the verb is polysyllabic it is -ас-:

Сяр ма̄ньлат каснэ хум Евгений Глызин о̄лыс.The youngest participant in the competition was Jevgeni Glizin.
Ёська мо̄лхо̄тал урт рӯпитас.Joseph worked at the mountain yesterday.
рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитасум рӯпитасаме̄н рӯпитасув
2nd person рӯпитасын рӯпитасы̄н рӯпитасы̄н
3rd person рӯпитас рӯпитасы̄г рӯпита̄сыт

3rd person dual in past tense has a -ы̄г personal ending.

The 1st person plural personal suffix turns into -ув.

Future "tense"
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To represent the Future, the verb патуӈкве (not dissimilar to Hungarian use of the verb fogni) is used as an auxiliary verb conjugated in the Present Indicative:

Тав кӯтювытыл рӯпитаӈкве паты.He will work with (female) dogs.

Definiteness

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Verbs can conjugate two ways to show agreement with the sentence's object.

Indefinite conjugation
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In Indefinite verb conjugations, no object is present. Any suffix does not represent it.

Definite conjugation
[edit]

In Definite verb conjugations there are three ways the verb can represent the direct object's number.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитылум рӯпитыламēн рӯпитылув
2nd person рӯпитылын рӯпитылы̄н рӯпитылы̄н
3rd person рӯпитытэ рӯпитытэ̄н рӯпитыяныл

The singular object is expressed with the -ыл- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Dual Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыягум рӯпитыягмēн рӯпитыягув
2nd person рӯпитыягын рӯпитыягы̄н рӯпитыягы̄н
3rd person рӯпитыяге рӯпитыягēн рӯпитыяга̄ныл

The dual object is expressed with the -ыяг- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Plural Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыянум рӯпитыянмēн рӯпитыянув
2nd person рӯпитыянын or
рӯпитыян
 рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
 рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
3rd person рӯпитыянэ рӯпитыянанэ̄н or
рӯпитыянэ̄н
 рӯпитыяна̄ныл or
рӯпитыя̄ныл

The plural object is expressed with the -ыян- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

Moods

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There are four moods: indicative, mirative, optative, imperative and conditional.

Indicative mood has no suffix. Imperative mood exists only in the second person. Optative and Imperative don't have tenses.

Mirative mood
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Is a mood presented in the present indefinite by the -не suffix and by the -но in definite.

In the past tense it is represented by the -ам suffix, both in indefinite and definite.

Optative mood
[edit]

The mood is represented by the -нӯв and -нув suffixes, determined by the vowel in the next suffix.

Imperative mood
[edit]

It exists only in the second person, and in indefinite conjugation, it doesn't show any personal markers, and it is represented by the -эн and -э̄н suffixes.

Active/Passive voice

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Verbs have active and passive voice. Active voice has no suffix; the suffix to express the passive is -ве-.

Verbal prefixes

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Verbal prefixes are used to modify the meaning of the verb in both concrete and abstract ways.

э̄л – 'away'

лаквуӈкве 'to move'э̄л-лаквуӈкве 'to move away'

юв – 'back'

минуӈкве 'to go'юв-минуӈкве 'to go back'

хот – 'direction away from something and other nuances of action intensity'

та̄ртаӈкве 'to let, to allow'хот-та̄ртаӈкве 'to let go'
патуӈкве 'to fall'хот-патуӈкве 'to fall away'

Vocabulary

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The vocabulary of the Mansi languages is distinguished by a fairly large number of forms for denoting concepts related to hunting, reindeer husbandry, fishing (the main traditional occupations of the Mansi). For example, there are about seven words are used to define different types of swamps. At the same time, the language almost lacks its socio-political vocabulary. To denote such concepts that appeared in the life of Mansi in the 20th century; compounding, derivation (rarely affixation), and or borrowings were used. For example, "hospital" can be described by a borrowing пӯльница and derivation пусмалтан кол literally "medicinal/curative house".

Words from extinct dialects could also be revitalized in the literary language [citation needed]

Noteworthy lexical items

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Kinship terms

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Northern Mansi differentiates between relatives based on from which side of the family they came from and also their relative age, for example:[19]

Siblings are similarly differentiated to Hungarian and other Uralic languages:

youngerelderunspecified
sister э̄сьӯвсияга̄ги
brother а̄пси/каськаӈкягпыг

Examples

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Numbers

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Basic numerals
# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
1 аква (akʷa) egy
2 китыг (kitiɣ) kettő
3 хӯрум (xuːrəm) három
4 нила / нӣла (nʲila / nʲiːla) négy
5 ат (at) öt
6 хо̄т (xoːt) hat
7 са̄т / ма̄нь са̄т (saːt / maːnʲ saːt) hét
8 нёлолов (nʲololow) nyolc
9 онтолов (ontolow) (kilenc)
10 лов (low) (tíz)
20 хус (xus) húsz
30 ва̄т (wāt) (harminc)
100 са̄т / яныгса̄т (saːt / janiɣsaːt) száz
1000 со̄тыр / со̄тыра (soːtər / soːtəra) ezer

Numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв (1) and кит (2); compare with Hungarian két, Old Hungarian kit.

ма̄нь, meaning 'small', and яныг, meaning 'big', before 7 and 100 differentiate between the two, if both are in the same number or sentence.

Numbers between ten and twenty
#Northern Sosva Mansi
11аквхуйплов (akʷxujplow)
15атхуйплов (atxujplow)
19онтоловхуйплов (ontolowxujplow)

The Mansi numbering system is different in this range than after twenty. These number are formed with the word хуйп (above, more than). Therefore, аквхуйплов means "one over/above ten", in a similar way to other Uralic languages.

Numbers above twenty
#Northern Sosva Mansi
21ва̄т нупыл аква (waːt nupəl akʷa)
31налыман нупыл аква (naliman nupəl akʷa)
41атпан нупыл аква (atpan nupəl akʷa)
51хо̄тпан нупыл аква (xoːtpan nupəl akʷa)
61са̄тлов нупыл аква (saːtlow nupəl akʷa)
71нёлса̄т нупыл аква (nʲolsaːt nupəl akʷa)
81онтырса̄т нупыл аква (ontərsaːt nupəl akʷa)

Numbering in this range uses the word нупыл (towards). therefore, ва̄т нупыл аква means "Towards thirty with one".

An exception are the Ob dialects, where the postposition нупыл isn't used;[20]

#Ob Mansi
21ва̄тн аква (waːtn akʷa)
31налыманн аква (nalimann akʷa)
41атпанн аква (atpann akʷa)
51хо̄тпанн аква (xoːtpann akʷa)
61са̄тловн аква (saːtlown akʷa)
71нёлса̄тн аква (nʲolsaːtn akʷa)
81онтырса̄тн аква (ontərsaːtn akʷa)

Above 89, the postposition of нупыл isn't used;[20]

Numbers above ninety
#Northern Sosva Mansi
91онтырса̄т аква (ontərsaːt akʷa)
95онтырса̄т ат (ontərsaːt at)
99онтырса̄т онтолов (ontərsaːt ontolow)
Numbers above hundred
#Northern Sosva Mansi
101яныгса̄т аква (janiɣsaːt akʷa)
111яныгса̄т аквхуйплов (janiɣsaːt akʷxujplow)
121яныгса̄т ва̄т нупыл аква (janiɣsaːt waːt nupəl akʷa)
201китса̄т аква (xoːtpan akʷa)
301хурмса̄т аква (xuːrəmsaːt akʷa)
991онтоловса̄т онтырса̄т аква (ontolowsaːt ontərsaːt akʷa)

You just add the number after the biggest number;

In the Ob dialect, the word denoting the number that counts approaches is suffixed with the -н, similarly when counting from 21 to 89.[20]

#Ob Mansi
101китса̄тн аква (kitsaːtn akʷa)
111китса̄тн аквхуйплов (kitsaːtn akʷxujplow)
121китса̄тн ва̄т нупыл аква (kitsaːtn waːt nupəl akʷa)
201хӯрмса̄тн аква (xuːrəmsaːtn akʷa)
301ниласа̄тн аква (nʲilasaːtn akʷa)
981онтоловса̄т онтырса̄т нупыл аква (ontolowsaːt ontərsaːt nupəl akʷa)
Numerals above 100
#Ob Mansi
101китыт са̄тн аква (kitit saːtn akʷa)
111китыт са̄тн аквхуйплов (kitit saːtn akʷxujplow)
121китыт са̄тн ва̄т нупыл аква (kitit saːtn waːt nupəl akʷa)
201хӯрмит са̄тн аква (xuːrəmit saːtn akʷa)
301нилат са̄тн аква (nʲilat saːtn akʷa)

Sample vocabulary

[edit]
Northern Mansi English
Паща о̄лэн/Пася о̄лэн Hello (to one person)
Паща о̄лэ̄н/Пася о̄лэ̄н Hello (to multiple people)
Наӈ намын ма̄ныр? What is your name?
Ам намум ___. My name is ____.
Пӯмасипа!/Пӯмащипа! Thank you
О̄с ёмас ӯлум Goodbye
Ёмас ӯлум Good night (Good dream)
нэ̄ woman
хум man, person
ня̄врам child
юрт, рума friend
а̄щ/а̄сь father
ща̄нь/ся̄нь mother
пы̄г boy
а̄ги girl
кол house
ӯс city
ма̄ land
ха̄ль birch tree
я̄ river
во̄р forest
тӯр lake
нэ̄пак book
пасан table
а̄мп, кӯтюв dog
кати cat
ӯй animal
во̄рто̄лнут bear
хӯл fish

Conversation

[edit]
Northern MansiEnglishMorphological translation
А̄кврись, а̄кврись, тучаӈын хо̄т?

— А̄мпын тотвес.
А̄мпе хо̄т?
—Во̄рн минас.
Во̄ре хо̄т?
—На̄йн та̄йвес.

Dear auntie, dear auntie, where is your sewing kit?

— It has been taken by the dog.
Where is the dog?
— It has gone to the forest.
Where is the forest?
— It has been burnt down by fire.

Auntie.dear, auntie.dear, sewing-kit.your where?

— Dog.by taken.was.(it).
Dog.its where?
— Forest.into go.did.(it).
Forest.its where?
— Fire.by eaten.was.(it).

Media

[edit]
Logo of Lūimā sēripos newspaper

Since 1989, the Lūimā sēripos ("Northern dawn") newspaper has been the only and most prominent Mansi media. As of 2024 "Listen to articles", most articles on the site of the news agency, have their authors read the articles out loud, so people can not just read the news in their native language but listen to it as well. This initiative was taken as the UN declared 2022-2032 as the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.

"Scholars and linguists believe that the Khanty and Mansi languages are dying; we, in turn, are making attempts to preserve and promote our native languages. Thus, to learn languages, it will be convenient and interesting to listen to the live speech of native speakers"

said Галина Кондина (Galina Kondina) the head editor of the newsagency.[21]

The Gospel of Mark in Northern Mansi is available online on Finugorbib site, audio recordings can also be found

Sample text

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Northern Mansi:

Ма̄ янытыл о̄лнэ мир пуссын аквхольт самын патэ̄гыт, аквте̄м вос о̄лэ̄гыт, аквте̄м нё̄тмил вос кинсэ̄гыт. Та̄н пуӈк о̄ньщēгыт, номсуӈкве ве̄рме̄гыт, э̄сырма о̄ньщэ̄гыт, халанылт ягпыгыӈыщ-яга̄гиӈыщ вос о̄лэ̄гыт.[22] ⓘ
Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir pussyn akvholʹt samyn patè̄gyt, akvtēm vos ōlè̄gyt, akvtēm në̄tmil vos kinsè̄gyt. Tān puňk ōnʹsēgyt, nomsuňkve vērmēgyt, è̄syrma ōnʹsʹè̄gyt, halanylt âgpygyňysʹ-âgāgiňysʹ vos ōlè̄gyt.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

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Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Northern Mansi:

Соссаӈ мирыт, акв хо̄тпа манос са̄в хо̄тпа пуссын аквъёт, сакконыт щирыл тэ̄ланыл та̄нти ва̄руӈкве ве̄рмияныл, та̄наныл вуянтан сакконыт Ма̄ янытыл о̄лнэ мирыт Акван-потыртахтам Мирколаныл Устав нэ̄пакт, Ма̄ янытыл о̄лнэ мир ма̄гыс хансым ма̄к потрыт ос мирхал сакконыт палт хансым о̄лэ̄гыт.[23]
Sossaň miryt, akv hōtpa manos sāv hōtpa pussyn akvʺët, sakkonyt siryl tè̄lanyl tānti vāruňkve vērmiânyl, tānanyl vuântan sakkonyt Mā ânytyl ōlnè miryt Akvan-potyrtahtam Mirkolanyl Ustav nè̄pakt, Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir māgys hansym māk potryt os mirhal sakkonyt palt hansym ōlè̄gyt.

Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in English:

Indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law.

Notes

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  1. ↑ "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  2. 1 2 3 Koryakov, Yuri B.; Zhornik, Daria (2022). "Language survival among the Ivdel Mansi". Linguistica Uralica. LVIII 2022 2: 132–145.
  3. ↑ Dictionary of Middle-Ob dialect Mansi (И.А.Стенин, Ю.В.Норманская)
  4. ↑ L.N. Panchenko 2017.
  5. ↑ T.P.Bakhtiarova & S.S.Dinislamova 2016.
  6. 1 2 Honti 1998, p. 335.
  7. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 29. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ↑ Honti, László (1988). "Die ob-ugrischen Sprachen. I. Die wogulische Sprache". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Uralic Languages. Brill. p. 148.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Kálmán 1989, pp. 32.
  10. ↑ Kálmán 1989, pp. 32, 99, 102.
  11. ↑ Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
  12. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 188. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ↑ Kálmán 1989, pp. 60–61.
  14. ↑ Kálmán 1989, pp. 69–70.
  15. ↑ Современный мансийский язык: лексика, фонетика, графика, орфография, морфология, словообразование: монография; page 288
  16. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 128. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 133. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 134. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ↑ E. I. Rombandejeva (2005). Русско-Мансийский словарь (Е. Ромбандеева) [Russian-Mansi Dictionary (E. Rombandeeva)] (PDF). Saint-Petersburg: ООО "Миралл". ISBN 5-902499-14-3.
  20. 1 2 3 Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ âzyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografiâ, morfologiâ, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 105. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ↑ Кондина, Галина (2024-01-25). "Потранув хӯнтлэ̄н - Слушайте статьи". Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос (2).
  22. ↑ Ромбандеева, Светлана (2014-09-17). "Мā янытыл о̄лнэ мир мāгыс хансым мāк потыр - Всеобщая декларация прав человека". Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос (18).
  23. ↑ Ромбандеева, Светлана (2014-09-17). "Мā янытыл о̄лнэ мирыт Акван-потыртахтам Миркол соссаӈ мирыт урыл хансум мāк потре". Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос (18).

References

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