Jerry Brown
Jerry Brown | |
|---|---|
(b).jpg) Official portrait, 2006 | |
| 34th and 39th Governor of California | |
| In office January 3, 2011 – January 7, 2019 | |
| Lieutenant | Gavin Newsom |
| Preceded by | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
| Succeeded by | Gavin Newsom |
| In office January 6, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | |
| Lieutenant | |
| Preceded by | Ronald Reagan |
| Succeeded by | George Deukmejian |
| 31st Attorney General of California | |
| In office January 8, 2007 – January 3, 2011 | |
| Governor | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
| Preceded by | Bill Lockyer |
| Succeeded by | Kamala Harris |
| 47th Mayor of Oakland | |
| In office January 4, 1999 – January 8, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Elihu Harris |
| Succeeded by | Ron Dellums |
| 23rd Secretary of State of California | |
| In office January 4, 1971 – January 6, 1975 | |
| Governor | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | H. P. Sullivan (acting) |
| Succeeded by | March Fong Eu |
| Chair of the California Democratic Party | |
| In office February 11, 1989 – March 3, 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Peter D. Kelly III |
| Succeeded by | Phil Angelides |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. April 7, 1938 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Party | Democratic |
| Spouse | |
| Relatives | Pat Brown (father) Bernice Layne (mother) Kathleen Brown (sister) |
| Education | Santa Clara University (attended) Sacred Heart Novitiate (attended) University of California, Berkeley (BA) Yale University (JD) |
| Signature | _Brown.png) |
Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr., (born April 7, 1938) is an American lawyer, author, and politician who served as the 34th and 39th governor of California from 1975 to 1983 and 2011 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected secretary of state of California in 1970; Brown later served as the mayor of Oakland from 1999 to 2007 and the attorney general of California from 2007 to 2011. He was both the oldest and sixth-youngest governor of California due to the 28-year gap between his second and third terms. Upon completing his fourth term in office, Brown became the fourth-longest-serving governor in U.S. history (tied with Bill Janklow), serving 16 years and 5 days in office.[1]
Born in San Francisco, he is the son of Bernice Layne Brown and Pat Brown, who was the 32nd governor of California (1959–1967). After graduating from the University of California, Berkeley and Yale Law School, he practiced law and began his political career as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees (1969–1971). He was elected to serve as the 23rd secretary of state of California from 1971 to 1975. At 36, Brown was elected to his first term as governor in 1974, making him the youngest California governor in 111 years. In 1978, he won his second term. During his governorship, Brown ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1976 and 1980. He declined to pursue a third term as governor in 1982, instead making an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate that same year, losing to San Diego mayor and future governor Pete Wilson.
After traveling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as the sixth Chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), attempting to run for U.S. president once more in 1992 but losing the Democratic primary to Bill Clinton. He then moved to Oakland, where he hosted a talk radio show; Brown soon returned to public life, serving as mayor of Oakland (1999–2007) and attorney general of California (2007–2011). He ran for his third and fourth terms as governor in 2010 and 2014, his eligibility to do so having stemmed from California's constitutional grandfather clause. On October 7, 2013, he became the longest-serving governor in the history of California, surpassing Earl Warren.
Early life, education, and private career
[edit]Brown was born in San Francisco, California, on April 7, 1938, the only son of four children born to district attorney of San Francisco and later governor of California, Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr., and his wife, Bernice Layne.[2][3] Brown's father was of half-Irish and half-German descent.[4] His great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during the California Gold Rush.[5]
Brown was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius High School, where he graduated in 1955.[6][7] In 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year and left to attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit novice house in Los Gatos, intent on becoming a Catholic priest.[8][9] Brown resided at the novitiate from August 1956 to January 1960 before enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in classics (with a focus on Latin and Greek) in 1961.[8][10] With his tuition paid for by the Louis Lurie Foundation,[11] including a $675 scholarship in 1963,[12] Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1964.[2] After law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for California Supreme Court justice Mathew Tobriner.
An opponent of the death penalty, 1960 Brown lobbied his father (then governor) to spare the life of Caryl Chessman and reportedly won a 60-day stay for him.[13][14]
Returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt.[15] He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor. In 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city; he placed first in a field of 124 and served until 1971.[16]
California secretary of state (1971–1975)
[edit]
In 1970, Brown was elected California secretary of state. Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations.[16] In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Political Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, passed by 70% of California's voters in June 1974. Among other provisions, it established the California Fair Political Practices Commission.
34th governor of California (1975–1983)
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First term
[edit]
In 1974, Brown ran in a highly contested Democratic primary for Governor of California against speaker of the California Assembly Bob Moretti, San Francisco mayor Joseph L. Alioto, Representative Jerome R. Waldie, and others. Brown won the primary with the name recognition of his father, Pat Brown, whom many people admired for his progressive administration.[17] In the general election on November 5, 1974, Brown was elected Governor of California over California state controller Houston I. Flournoy; Republicans ascribed the loss to anti-Republican feelings from Watergate, the election being held only ninety days after President Richard Nixon resigned from office. Brown succeeded Republican governor Ronald Reagan, who retired after two terms.
After taking office, Brown gained a reputation as a fiscal conservative.[18] The American Conservative later noted he was "much more of a fiscal conservative than Governor Reagan".[19] His fiscal restraint resulted in one of the biggest budget surpluses in state history, roughly $5 billion.[20] For his personal life, Brown refused many of the privileges and perks of the office, forgoing the newly constructed 20,000 square-foot governor's residence in the suburb of Carmichael and instead renting a $275-per-month apartment at 1228 N Street, adjacent to Capitol Park in downtown Sacramento.[21][22] Rather than riding as a passenger in a chauffeured limousine as previous governors had done, Brown walked to work and drove in a Plymouth Satellite sedan.[23][24][25] When Gray Davis, who was chief of staff to Governor Brown, suggested that a hole in the rug in the governor's office be fixed, Brown responded: "That hole will save the state at least $500 million, because legislators cannot come down and pound on my desk demanding lots of money for their pet programs while looking at a hole in my rug!"[26]
As governor, Brown took a strong interest in environmental issues. He appointed J. Baldwin to work in the newly created California Office of Appropriate Technology, Sim Van der Ryn as State Architect, Stewart Brand as Special Advisor, John Bryson as chairman of the California State Water Board. Brown also reorganized the California Arts Council, boosting its funding by 1300 percent and appointing artists to the council,[16] and appointed more women and minorities to office than any other previous California governor.[16] In 1977, he sponsored the "first-ever tax incentive for rooftop solar", among many environmental initiatives.[27] In 1975, Brown obtained the repeal of the "depletion allowance", a tax break for the state's oil industry, despite the efforts of