使用matplotlib绘制并列柱状图并在柱上方标注数值

自己查阅了资料和众多博客，记录一下，以备不时之需。
----------2021.07.30------------
补：matplotlib 3.4版本之后，已经提供了专门的在柱上方添加数值标注的api
官方给出的示例代码如下：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np


labels = ['G1', 'G2', 'G3', 'G4', 'G5']
men_means = [20, 34, 30, 35, 27]
women_means = [25, 32, 34, 20, 25]

x = np.arange(len(labels))  # the label locations
width = 0.35  # the width of the bars

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
rects1