4. Windows で Python を䜿う¶

このドキュメントは、 Python を Microsoft Windows で䜿うずきに知っおおくべき、 Windows 固有の動䜜に぀いおの抂芁を䌝えるこずを目的ずしおいたす。

Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not include a system supported installation of Python. Instead, Python can be obtained from a number of distributors, including directly from the CPython team. Each Python distribution will have its own benefits and drawbacks, however, consistency with other tools you are using is generally a worthwhile benefit. Before committing to the process described here, we recommend investigating your existing tools to see if they can provide Python directly.

To obtain Python from the CPython team, use the Python Install Manager. This is a standalone tool that makes Python available as global commands on your Windows machine, integrates with the system, and supports updates over time. You can download the Python Install Manager from python.org/downloads or through the Microsoft Store app.

Once you have installed the Python Install Manager, the global python command can be used from any terminal to launch your current latest version of Python. This version may change over time as you add or remove different versions, and the py list command will show which is current.

In general, we recommend that you create a virtual environment for each project and run <env>\Scripts\Activate in your terminal to use it. This provides isolation between projects, consistency over time, and ensures that additional commands added by packages are also available in your session. Create a virtual environment using python -m venv <env path>.

If the python or py commands do not seem to be working, please see the Troubleshooting section below. There are sometimes additional manual steps required to configure your PC.

Apart from using the Python install manager, Python can also be obtained as NuGet packages. See nuget.org パッケヌゞ below for more information on these packages.

The embeddable distros are minimal packages of Python suitable for embedding into larger applications. They can be installed using the Python install manager. See 埋め蟌み可胜なパッケヌゞ below for more information on these packages.

4.1. Python install manager¶

4.1.1. Installation¶

The Python install manager can be installed from the Microsoft Store app or downloaded and installed from python.org/downloads. The two versions are identical.

To install through the Store, simply click "Install". After it has completed, open a terminal and type python to get started.

To install the file downloaded from python.org, either double-click and select "Install", or run Add-AppxPackage <path to MSIX> in Windows Powershell.

After installation, the python, py, and pymanager commands should be available. If you have existing installations of Python, or you have modified your PATH variable, you may need to remove them or undo the modifications. See Troubleshooting for more help with fixing non-working commands.

When you first install a runtime, you will likely be prompted to add a directory to your PATH. This is optional, if you prefer to use the py command, but is offered for those who prefer the full range of aliases (such as python3.14.exe) to be available. The directory will be %LocalAppData%\Python\bin by default, but may be customized by an administrator. Click Start and search for "Edit environment variables for your account" for the system settings page to add the path.

Each Python runtime you install will have its own directory for scripts. These also need to be added to PATH if you want to use them.

The Python install manager will be automatically updated to new releases. This does not affect any installs of Python runtimes. Uninstalling the Python install manager does not uninstall any Python runtimes.

If you are not able to install an MSIX in your context, for example, you are using automated deployment software that does not support it, or are targeting Windows Server 2019, please see Advanced installation below for more information.

4.1.2. 基本的な䜿い方¶

The recommended command for launching Python is python, which will either launch the version requested by the script being launched, an active virtual environment, or the default installed version, which will be the latest stable release unless configured otherwise. If no version is specifically requested and no runtimes are installed at all, the current latest release will be installed automatically.

For all scenarios involving multiple runtime versions, the recommended command is py. This may be used anywhere in place of python or the older py.exe launcher. By default, py matches the behaviour of python, but also allows command line options to select a specific version as well as subcommands to manage installations. These are detailed below.

Because the py command may already be taken by the previous version, there is also an unambiguous pymanager command. Scripted installs that are intending to use Python install manager should consider using pymanager, due to the lower chance of encountering a conflict with existing installs. The only difference between the two commands is when running without any arguments: py will launch your default interpreter, while pymanager will display help (pymanager exec ... provides equivalent behaviour to py ...).

Each of these commands also has a windowed version that avoids creating a console window. These are pyw, pythonw and pywmanager. A python3 command is also included that mimics the python command. It is intended to catch accidental uses of the typical POSIX command on Windows, but is not meant to be widely used or recommended.

To launch your default runtime, run python or py with the arguments you want to be passed to the runtime (such as script files or the module to launch):

$> py
...
$> python my-script.py
...
$> py -m this
...

The default runtime can be overridden with the PYTHON_MANAGER_DEFAULT environment variable, or a configuration file. See Configuration for information about configuration settings.

To launch a specific runtime, the py command accepts a -V:<TAG> option. This option must be specified before any others. The tag is part or all of the identifier for the runtime; for those from the CPython team, it looks like the version, potentially with the platform. For compatibility, the V: may be omitted in cases where the tag refers to an official release and starts with 3.

$> py -V:3.14 ...
$> py -V:3-arm64 ...

Runtimes from other distributors may require the company to be included as well. It should be separated from the tag by a slash (either / or \), and may be shortened to any prefix of its full value. Specifying the company is optional when it is PythonCore, and specifying the tag is optional (but not the slash) when you want the latest release from a specific company.

$> py -V:Distributor\1.0 ...
$> py -V:distrib/ ...

If no version is specified, but a script file is passed, the script will be inspected for a shebang line. This is a special format for the first line in a file that allows overriding the command. See Shebang lines for more information. When there is no shebang line, or it cannot be resolved, the script will be launched with the default runtime.

If you are running in an active virtual environment, have not requested a particular version, and there is no shebang line, the default runtime will be that virtual environment. In this scenario, the python command was likely already overridden and none of these checks occurred. However, this behaviour ensures that the py command can be used interchangeably.

When no runtimes are installed, any launch command will try to install the requested version and launch it. However, after any version is installed, only the py exec ... and pymanager exec ... commands will install if the requested version is absent. Other forms of commands will display an error and direct you to use py install first.

4.1.3. Command help¶

The py help command will display the full list of supported commands, along with their options. Any command may be passed the -? option to display its help, or its name passed to py help.

$> py help
$> py help install
$> py install /?

All commands support some common options, which will be shown by py help. These options must be specified after any subcommand. Specifying -v or --verbose will increase the amount of output shown, and -vv will increase it further for debugging purposes. Passing -q or --quiet will reduce output, and -qq will reduce it further.

The --config=<PATH> option allows specifying a configuration file to override multiple settings at once. See Configuration below for more information about these files.

4.1.4. Listing runtimes¶

$> py list [-f=|--format=<FMT>] [-1|--one] [--online|-s=|--source=<URL>] [<TAG>...]

The list of installed runtimes can be seen using py list. A filter may be added in the form of one or more tags (with or without company specifier), and each may include a <, <=, >= or > prefix to restrict to a range.

A range of formats are supported, and can be passed as the --format=<FMT> or -f <FMT> option. Formats include table (a user friendly table view), csv (comma-separated table), json (a single JSON blob), jsonl (one JSON blob per result), exe (just the executable path), prefix (just the prefix path).

The --one or -1 option only displays a single result. If the default runtime is included, it will be the one. Otherwise, the "best" result is shown ("best" is deliberately vaguely defined, but will usually be the most recent version). The result shown by py list --one <TAG> will match the runtime that would be launched by py -V:<TAG>.

The --only-managed option excludes results that were not installed by the Python install manager. This is useful when determining which runtimes may be updated or uninstalled through the py command.

The --online option is short for passing --source=<URL> with the default source. Passing either of these options will search the online index for runtimes that can be installed. The result shown by py list --online --one <TAG> will match the runtime that would be installed by py install <TAG>.

$> py list --online 3.14

For compatibility with the old launcher, the --list, --list-paths, -0 and -0p commands (e.g. py -0p) are retained. They do not allow additional options, and will produce legacy formatted output.

4.1.5. Installing runtimes¶

$> py install [-s=|--source=<URL>] [-f|--force] [-u|--update] [--dry-run] [<TAG>...]

New runtime versions may be added using py install. One or more tags may be specified, and the special tag default may be used to select the default. Ranges are not supported for installation.

The --source=<URL> option allows overriding the online index that is used to obtain runtimes. This may be used with an offline index, as shown in Offline installs.

Passing --force will ignore any cached files and remove any existing install to replace it with the specified one.

Passing --update will replace existing installs if the new version is newer. Otherwise, they will be left. If no tags are provided with --update, all installs managed by the Python install manager will be updated if newer versions are available. Updates will remove any modifications made to the install, including globally installed packages, but virtual environments will continue to work.

Passing --dry-run will generate output and logs, but will not modify any installs.

Passing --refresh will update all registrations for installed runtimes. This will recreate Start menu shortcuts, registry keys, and global aliases (such as python3.14.exe or for any installed scripts). These are automatically refreshed on installation of any runtime, but may need to be manually refreshed after installing packages.

In addition to the above options, the --target option will extract the runtime to the specified directory instead of doing a normal install. This is useful for embedding runtimes into larger applications. Unlike a normal install, py will not be aware of the extracted runtime, and no Start menu or other shortcuts will be created. To launch the runtime, directly execute the main executable (typically python.exe) in the target directory.

$> py install ... [-t=|--target=<PATH>] <TAG>

The py exec command will install the requested runtime if it is not already present. This is controlled by the automatic_install configuration (PYTHON_MANAGER_AUTOMATIC_INSTALL), and is enabled by default. If no runtimes are available at all, all launch commands will do an automatic install if the configuration setting allows. This is to ensure a good experience for new users, but should not generally be relied on rather than using the py exec command or explicit install commands.

4.1.6. Offline installs¶

To perform offline installs of Python, you will need to first create an offline index on a machine that has network access.

$> py install --download=<PATH> ... <TAG>...

The --download=<PATH> option will download the packages for the listed tags and create a directory containing them and an index.json file suitable for later installation. This entire directory can be moved to the offline machine and used to install one or more of the bundled runtimes:

$> py install --source="<PATH>\index.json" <TAG>...

The Python install manager can be installed by downloading its installer and moving it to another machine before installing.

Alternatively, the ZIP files in an offline index directory can simply be transferred to another machine and extracted. This will not register the install in any way, and so it must be launched by directly referencing the executables in the extracted directory, but it is sometimes a preferable approach in cases where installing the Python install manager is not possible or convenient.

In this way, Python runtimes can be installed and managed on a machine without access to the internet.

4.1.7. Uninstalling runtimes¶

$> py uninstall [-y|--yes] <TAG>...

Runtimes may be removed using the py uninstall command. One or more tags must be specified. Ranges are not supported here.

The --yes option bypasses the confirmation prompt before uninstalling.

Instead of passing tags individually, the --purge option may be specified. This will remove all runtimes managed by the Python install manager, including cleaning up the Start menu, registry, and any download caches. Runtimes that were not installed by the Python install manager will not be impacted, and neither will manually created configuration files.

$> py uninstall [-y|--yes] --purge

The Python install manager can be uninstalled through the Windows "Installed apps" settings page. This does not remove any runtimes, and they will still be usable, though the global python and py commands will be removed. Reinstalling the Python install manager will allow you to manage these runtimes again. To completely clean up all Python runtimes, run with --purge before uninstalling the Python install manager.

4.1.8. Configuration¶

Python install manager is configured with a hierarchy of configuration files, environment variables, command-line options, and registry settings. In general, configuration files have the ability to configure everything, including the location of other configuration files, while registry settings are administrator-only and will override configuration files. Command-line options override all other settings, but not every option is available.

This section will describe the defaults, but be aware that modified or overridden installs may resolve settings differently.

A global configuration file may be configured by an administrator, and would be read first. The user configuration file is stored at %AppData%\Python\pymanager.json (note that this location is under Roaming, not Local) and is read next, overwriting any settings from earlier files. An additional configuration file may be specified as the PYTHON_MANAGER_CONFIG environment variable or the --config command line option (but not both). These locations may be modified by administrative customization options listed later.

The following settings are those that are considered likely to be modified in normal use. Later sections list those that are intended for administrative customization.

Standard configuration options

Config Key

Environment Variable

説明

default_tag

PYTHON_MANAGER_DEFAULT¶

The preferred default version to launch or install. By default, this is interpreted as the most recent non-prerelease version from the CPython team.

default_platform

PYTHON_MANAGER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM

The preferred default platform to launch or install. This is treated as a suffix to the specified tag, such that py -V:3.14 would prefer an install for 3.14-64 if it exists (and default_platform is -64), but will use 3.14 if no tagged install exists.

logs_dir

PYTHON_MANAGER_LOGS

The location where log files are written. By default, %TEMP%.

automatic_install

PYTHON_MANAGER_AUTOMATIC_INSTALL¶

True to allow automatic installs when using py exec to launch (or py when no runtimes are installed yet). Other commands will not automatically install, regardless of this setting. By default, true.

include_unmanaged

PYTHON_MANAGER_INCLUDE_UNMANAGED

True to allow listing and launching runtimes that were not installed by the Python install manager, or false to exclude them. By default, true.

shebang_can_run_anything

PYTHON_MANAGER_SHEBANG_CAN_RUN_ANYTHING

True to allow shebangs in .py files to launch applications other than Python runtimes, or false to prevent it. By default, true.

shebang_templates

(none)

Mapping from shebang line template to alternative command, such as py -V:<tag> or a substitute string. See Shebang lines for more details.

log_level

PYMANAGER_VERBOSE, PYMANAGER_DEBUG

Set the default level of output (0-50). By default, 20. Lower values produce more output. The environment variables are boolean, and may produce additional output during startup that is later suppressed by other configuration.

confirm

PYTHON_MANAGER_CONFIRM

True to confirm certain actions before taking them (such as uninstall), or false to skip the confirmation. By default, true.

install.source

PYTHON_MANAGER_SOURCE_URL

Override the index feed to obtain new installs from.

install.enable_entrypoints

(none)

True to generate global commands for installed packages (such as pip.exe). These are defined by the packages themselves. If set to false, only the Python interpreter has global commands created. By default, true. You should run py install --refresh after changing this setting.

list.format

PYTHON_MANAGER_LIST_FORMAT

Specify the default format used by the py list command. By default, table.

install_dir

(none)

Specify the root directory that runtimes will be installed into. If you change this setting, previously installed runtimes will not be usable unless you move them to the new location.

global_dir

(none)

Specify the directory where global commands (such as python3.14.exe and pip.exe) are stored. This directory should be added to your PATH to make the commands available from your terminal.

download_dir

(none)

Specify the directory where downloaded files are stored. This directory is a temporary cache, and can be cleaned up from time to time.

Dotted names should be nested inside JSON objects, for example, list.format would be specified as {"list": {"format": "table"}}.

4.1.9. Shebang lines¶

If the first line of a script file starts with #!, it is known as a "shebang" line. Linux and other Unix like operating systems have native support for such lines and they are commonly used on such systems to indicate how a script should be executed. The python and py commands allow the same facilities to be used with Python scripts on Windows.

To allow shebang lines in Python scripts to be portable between Unix and Windows, a number of 'virtual' commands are supported to specify which interpreter to use. The supported virtual commands are:

  • /usr/bin/env <ALIAS>

  • /usr/bin/env -S <ALIAS>

  • /usr/bin/<ALIAS>

  • /usr/local/bin/<ALIAS>

  • <ALIAS>

具䜓的に、もしスクリプトの1行目が

#! /usr/bin/python

で始たっおいたら、デフォルトの Python たたはアクティブな仮想環境の䜍眮が特定され、䜿甚されたす。倚くの Unix 䞊で動䜜する Python スクリプトにはすでにこの行が存圚する傟向がありたすので、ランチャによりそれらのスクリプトを修正なしで䜿うこずができるはずです。あなたが新しいスクリプトを Windows 䞊で曞いおいお、Unix 䞊でも有甚であっおほしいず思うなら、シェバン行のうち /usr で始たるものを䜿甚すべきです。

Any of the above virtual commands can have <ALIAS> replaced by an alias from an installed runtime. That is, any command generated in the global aliases directory (which you may have added to your PATH environment variable) can be used in a shebang, even if it is not on your PATH. This allows the use of shebangs like /usr/bin/python3.12 to select a particular runtime.

If no runtimes are installed, or if automatic installation is enabled, the requested runtime will be installed if necessary. See Configuration for information about configuration settings.

The /usr/bin/env form of shebang line will also search the PATH environment variable for unrecognized commands. This corresponds to the behaviour of the Unix env program, which performs the same search, but prefers launching known Python commands. A warning may be displayed when searching for arbitrary executables, and this search may be disabled by the shebang_can_run_anything configuration option.

Shebang lines that do not match any of patterns are treated as Windows executable paths that are absolute or relative to the directory containing the script file. This is a convenience for Windows-only scripts, such as those generated by an installer, since the behavior is not compatible with Unix-style shells. These paths may be quoted, and may include multiple arguments, after which the path to the script and any additional arguments will be appended. This functionality may be disabled by the shebang_can_run_anything configuration option.

Since version 26.3 of the Python install manager, custom shebang templates may be added to your configuration file. Add the shebang_templates object with one member for each template (the string to match) and the command to use when the template is matched. Most commands should be py -V:<tag> (or pyw) to launch one of your installed runtimes. The py -3.<version> form is also allowed, as is a plain py to launch the default. No other arguments are supported.

{
    "shebang_templates": {
        "/usr/bin/python": "py",
        "/usr/bin/my_custom_python": "py -V:MyCustomPython/3"
    }
}

If the substitute command is not py or pyw, it will be written back into the shebang and regular handling continues. If launching arbitrary executables is permitted, then providing a full path will allow you to redirect from Python to any executable. The template should match either the entire line (ignoring leading and trailing whitespace), or up to the first space in the shebang line.

泚釈

The behaviour of shebangs in the Python install manager is subtly different from the previous py.exe launcher, and the old configuration options no longer apply. If you are specifically reliant on the old behaviour or configuration, we recommend installing the legacy launcher. The legacy launcher's py command will override PyManager's one by default, and you will need to use pymanager commands for installing and uninstalling.

4.1.10. Advanced installation¶

For situations where an MSIX cannot be installed, such as some older administrative distribution platforms, there is an MSI available from the python.org downloads page. This MSI has no user interface, and can only perform per-machine installs to its default location in Program Files. It will attempt to modify the system PATH environment variable to include this install location, but be sure to validate this on your configuration.

泚釈

Windows Server 2019 is the only version of Windows that CPython supports that does not support MSIX. For Windows Server 2019, you should use the MSI.

Be aware that the MSI package does not bundle any runtimes, and so is not suitable for installs into offline environments without also creating an offline install index. See Offline installs and Administrative configuration for information on handling these scenarios.

Runtimes installed by the MSI are shared with those installed by the MSIX, and are all per-user only. The Python install manager does not support installing runtimes per-machine. To emulate a per-machine install, you can use py install --target=<shared location> as administrator and add your own system-wide modifications to PATH, the registry, or the Start menu.

When the MSIX is installed, but commands are not available in the PATH environment variable, they can be found under %LocalAppData%\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.PythonManager_3847v3x7pw1km or %LocalAppData%\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.PythonManager_qbz5n2kfra8p0, depending on whether it was installed from python.org or through the Windows Store. Attempting to run the executable directly from Program Files is not recommended.

To programmatically install the Python install manager, it is easiest to use WinGet, which is included with all supported versions of Windows:

$> winget install 9NQ7512CXL7T -e --accept-package-agreements --disable-interactivity

# Optionally run the configuration checker and accept all changes
$> py install --configure -y

To download the Python install manager and install on another machine, the following WinGet command will download the required files from the Store to your Downloads directory (add -d <location> to customize the output location). This also generates a YAML file that appears to be unnecessary, as the downloaded MSIX can be installed by launching or using the commands below.

$> winget download 9NQ7512CXL7T -e --skip-license --accept-package-agreements --accept-source-agreements

To programmatically install or uninstall an MSIX using only PowerShell, the Add-AppxPackage and Remove-AppxPackage PowerShell cmdlets are recommended:

$> Add-AppxPackage C:\Downloads\python-manager-25.0.msix
...
$> Get-AppxPackage PythonSoftwareFoundation.PythonManager | Remove-AppxPackage

The latest release can be downloaded and installed by Windows by passing the AppInstaller file to the Add-AppxPackage command. This installs using the MSIX on python.org, and is only recommended for cases where installing via the Store (interactively or using WinGet) is not possible.

$> Add-AppxPackage -AppInstallerFile https://www.python.org/ftp/python/pymanager/pymanager.appinstaller

Other tools and APIs may also be used to provision an MSIX package for all users on a machine, but Python does not consider this a supported scenario. We suggest looking into the PowerShell Add-AppxProvisionedPackage cmdlet, the native Windows PackageManager class, or the documentation and support for your deployment tool.

Regardless of the install method, users will still need to install their own copies of Python itself, as there is no way to trigger those installs without being a logged in user. When using the MSIX, the latest version of Python will be available for all users to install without network access.

Note that the MSIX downloadable from the Store and from the Python website are subtly different and cannot be installed at the same time. Wherever possible, we suggest using the above WinGet commands to download the package from the Store to reduce the risk of setting up conflicting installs. There are no licensing restrictions on the Python install manager that would prevent using the Store package in this way.

4.1.11. Administrative configuration¶

There are a number of options that may be useful for administrators to override configuration of the Python install manager. These can be used to provide local caching, disable certain shortcut types, override bundled content. All of the above configuration options may be set, as well as those below.

Configuration options may be overridden in the registry by setting values under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Policies\Python\PyManager, where the value name matches the configuration key and the value type is REG_SZ. Note that this key can itself be customized, but only by modifying the core config file distributed with the Python install manager. We recommend, however, that registry values are used only to set base_config to a JSON file containing the full set of overrides. Registry key overrides will replace any other configured setting, while base_config allows users to further modify settings they may need.

Note that most settings with environment variables support those variables because their default setting specifies the variable. If you override them, the environment variable will no longer work, unless you override it with another one. For example, the default value of confirm is literally %PYTHON_MANAGER_CONFIRM%, which will resolve the variable at load time. If you override the value to yes, then the environment variable will no longer be used. If you override the value to %CONFIRM%, then that environment variable will be used instead.

Configuration settings that are paths are interpreted as relative to the directory containing the configuration file that specified them.

Administrative configuration options

Config Key

説明

base_config

The highest priority configuration file to read. Note that only the built-in configuration file and the registry can modify this setting.

user_config

The second configuration file to read.

additional_config

The third configuration file to read.

registry_override_key

Registry location to check for overrides. Note that only the built-in configuration file can modify this setting.

bundled_dir

Read-only directory containing locally cached files.

install.fallback_source

Path or URL to an index to consult when the main index cannot be accessed.

install.enable_shortcut_kinds

Comma-separated list of shortcut kinds to allow (e.g. "pep514,start"). Enabled shortcuts may still be disabled by disable_shortcut_kinds.

install.disable_shortcut_kinds

Comma-separated list of shortcut kinds to exclude (e.g. "pep514,start"). Disabled shortcuts are not reactivated by enable_shortcut_kinds.

install.hard_link_entrypoints

True to use hard links for global shortcuts to save disk space. If false, each shortcut executable is copied instead. After changing this setting, you must run py install --refresh --force to update existing commands. By default, true. Disabling this may be necessary for troubleshooting or systems that have issues with file links.

pep514_root

Registry location to read and write PEP 514 entries into. By default, HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Python.

start_folder

Start menu folder to write shortcuts into. By default, Python. This path is relative to the user's Programs folder.

virtual_env

Path to the active virtual environment. By default, this is %VIRTUAL_ENV%, but may be set empty to disable venv detection.

shebang_can_run_anything_silently

True to suppress visible warnings when a shebang launches an application other than a Python runtime.

source_settings

A mapping from source URL to settings specific to that index. When multiple configuration files include this section, URL settings are added or overwritten, but individual settings are not merged. These settings are currently only for index signatures.

4.1.12. Installing free-threaded binaries¶

Added in version 3.13.

Pre-built distributions of the free-threaded build are available by installing tags with the t suffix.

$> py install 3.14t
$> py install 3.14t-arm64
$> py install 3.14t-32

This will install and register as normal. If you have no other runtimes installed, then python will launch this one. Otherwise, you will need to use py -V:3.14t ... or, if you have added the global aliases directory to your PATH environment variable, the python3.14t.exe commands.

4.1.13. Index signatures¶

Added in version 26.2.

Index files may be signed to detect tampering. A signature is a catalog file at the same URL as the index with .cat added to the filename. The catalog file should contain the hash of its matching index file, and should be signed with a valid Authenticode signature. This allows standard tooling (on Windows) to generate a signature, and any certificate may be used as long as the client operating system already trusts its certification authority (root CA).

Index signatures are only downloaded and checked when the local configuration's source_settings section includes the index URL and requires_signature is true, or the index JSON contains requires_signature set to true. When the setting exists in local configuration, even when false, settings in the index are ignored.

As well as requiring a valid signature, the required_root_subject and required_publisher_subject settings can further restrict acceptable signatures based on the certificate Subject fields. Any attribute specified in the configuration must match the attribute in the certificate (additional attributes in the certificate are ignored). Typical attributes are CN= for the common name, O= for the organizational unit, and C= for the publisher's country.

Finally, the required_publisher_eku setting allows requiring that a specific Enhanced Key Usage (EKU) has been assigned to the publisher certificate. For example, the EKU 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3 indicates that the certificate was intended for code signing (as opposed to server or client authentication). In combination with a specific root CA, this provides another mechanism to verify a legitimate signature.

This is an example source_settings section from a configuration file. In this case, the publisher of the feed is uniquely identified by the combination of the Microsoft Identity Verification root and the EKU assigned by that root. The signature for this case would be found at https://www.python.org/ftp/python/index-windows.json.cat.

{
  "source_settings": {
    "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/index-windows.json": {
      "requires_signature": true,
      "required_root_subject": "CN=Microsoft Identity Verification Root Certificate Authority 2020",
      "required_publisher_subject": "CN=Python Software Foundation",
      "required_publisher_eku": "1.3.6.1.4.1.311.97.608394634.79987812.305991749.578777327"
    }
  }
}

The same settings could be specified in the index.json file instead. In this case, the root and EKU are omitted, meaning that the signature must be valid and have a specific common name in the publisher's certificate, but no other checks are used.

{
  "requires_signature": true,
  "required_publisher_subject": "CN=Python Software Foundation",
  "versions": [
    // ...
  ]
}

When settings from inside a feed are used, the user is notified and the settings are shown in the log file or verbose output. It is recommended to copy these settings into a local configuration file for feeds that will be used frequently, so that unauthorised modifications to the feed cannot disable verification.

It is not possible to override the location of the signature file in the feed or through a configuration file. Administrators can provide their own source_settings in a mandatory configuration file (see Administrative configuration).

If signature validation fails, you will be notified and prompted to continue. When interactive confirmation is not allowed (for example, because --yes was specified), it will always abort. To use a feed with invalid configuration in this scenario, you must provide a configuration file that disables signature checking for that feed.

"source_settings": {
  "https://www.example.com/feed-with-invalid-signature.json": {
    "requires_signature": false
  }
}

4.1.14. Proxy settings¶

Added in version 26.4.

By default, the Python install manager will use your system-wide proxy settings, including automatic authentication. For most users, this behaves the same as your browser and other applications.

To override the settings, use the NO_PROXY, HTTP_PROXY and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables. These should be set in the terminal session before using the Python install manager. Other applications may also use the variables, so use caution before setting them globally for your entire machine.

Setting NO_PROXY to any non-empty value will disable the use of any proxy. Use this to bypass your system's default proxy setting and attempt to access the index server directly.

Setting HTTPS_PROXY to a string like example.com:8080 will connect to that proxy server for all HTTPS connections. For the default index, all connections will be using HTTPS, and so this is the usual setting to override.

The HTTP_PROXY variable may be needed if you are using a private index server that does not use encrypted connections, but does require the default proxy server to be overridden. It follows the same format as HTTPS_PROXY.

Credentials may be embedded in either setting, however, when HTTPS_PROXY has credentials embedded they will be used in preference to other credentials. Only one set of credentials will be used for both types of proxy.

4.1.15. Troubleshooting¶

If your Python install manager does not seem to be working correctly, please work through these tests and fixes to see if it helps. If not, please report an issue at our bug tracker, including any relevant log files (written to your %TEMP% directory by default).

Troubleshooting

Symptom

Things to try

python gives me a "command not found" error or opens the Store app when I type it in my terminal.

Did you install the Python install manager?

Click Start, open "Manage app execution aliases", and check that the aliases for "Python (default)" are enabled. If they already are, try disabling and re-enabling to refresh the command. The "Python (default windowed)" and "Python install manager" commands may also need refreshing.

Check that the py and pymanager commands work.

Ensure your PATH variable contains the entry for %UserProfile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps. The operating system includes this entry once by default, after other user paths. If removed, shortcuts will not be found.

py gives me a "command not found" error when I type it in my terminal.

Did you install the Python install manager?

Click Start, open "Manage app execution aliases", and check that the aliases for "Python (default)" are enabled. If they already are, try disabling and re-enabling to refresh the command. The "Python (default windowed)" and "Python install manager" commands may also need refreshing.

Ensure your PATH variable contains the entry for %UserProfile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps. The operating system includes this entry once by default, after other user paths. If removed, shortcuts will not be found.

py gives me a "can't open file" error when I type commands in my terminal.

This usually means you have the legacy launcher installed and it has priority over the Python install manager. To remove, click Start, open "Installed apps", search for "Python launcher" and uninstall it.

python doesn't launch the same runtime as py

Click Start, open "Installed apps", look for any existing Python runtimes, and either remove them or Modify and disable the PATH options.

Click Start, open "Manage app execution aliases", and check that your python.exe alias is set to "Python (default)"

python and py don't launch the runtime I expect

Check your PYTHON_MANAGER_DEFAULT environment variable or default_tag configuration. The py list command will show your default based on these settings.

Installs that are managed by the Python install manager will be chosen ahead of unmanaged installs. Use py install to install the runtime you expect, or configure your default tag.

Prerelease and experimental installs that are not managed by the Python install manager may be chosen ahead of stable releases. Configure your default tag or uninstall the prerelease runtime and reinstall it using py install.

pythonw or pyw don't launch the same runtime as python or py

Click Start, open "Manage app execution aliases", and check that your pythonw.exe and pyw.exe aliases are consistent with your others.

pip gives me a "command not found" error when I type it in my terminal.

Have you activated a virtual environment? Run the .venv\Scripts\activate script in your terminal to activate.

The package may be available but missing the generated executable. We recommend using the python -m pip command instead. Running py install --refresh and ensuring that the global shortcuts directory is on PATH (it will be shown in the command output if it is not) should make commands such as pip (and other installed packages) available.

I installed a package with pip but its command is not found.

Have you activated a virtual environment? Run the .venv\Scripts\activate script in your terminal to activate.

New packages do not automatically have global shortcuts created by the Python install manager. Similarly, uninstalled packages do not have their shortcuts removed. Run py install --refresh to update the global shortcuts for newly installed packages.

Typing script-name.py in the terminal opens in a new window.

This is a known limitation of the operating system. Either specify py before the script name, create a batch file containing @py "%~dpn0.py" %* with the same name as the script, or install the legacy launcher and select it as the association for scripts.

Drag-dropping files onto a script doesn't work

This is a known limitation of the operating system. It is supported with the legacy launcher, or with the Python install manager when installed from the MSI.

I have installed the Python install manager multiple times.

It is possible to install from the Store or WinGet, from the MSIX on the Python website, and from the MSI, all at once. They are all compatible and will share configuration and runtimes.

See the earlier Advanced installation section for ways to uninstall the install manager other than the typical Installed Apps (Add and Remove Programs) settings page.

My old py.ini settings no longer work.

The new Python install manager no longer supports this configuration file or its settings, and so it will be ignored. See Configuration for information about configuration settings.

4.2. 埋め蟌み可胜なパッケヌゞ¶

Added in version 3.5.

埋め蟌み甚の配垃 (embedded distribution) は、最小限の Python 環境を含んだ ZIP ファむルです。これは、゚ンドナヌザから盎接的にアクセスされるのではなく䜕かアプリケヌションの䞀郚ずしお動䜜するこずを意図したものです。

To install an embedded distribution, we recommend using py install with the --target option:

$> py install 3.14-embed --target=<directory>

When extracted, the embedded distribution is (almost) fully isolated from the user's system, including environment variables, system registry settings, and installed packages. The standard library is included as pre-compiled and optimized .pyc files in a ZIP, and python3.dll, python313.dll, python.exe and pythonw.exe are all provided. Tcl/tk (including all dependents, such as Idle), pip and the Python documentation are not included.

A default ._pth file is included, which further restricts the default search paths (as described below in モゞュヌルの怜玢). This file is intended for embedders to modify as necessary.

サヌドパヌティのパッケヌゞはアプリケヌションのむンストヌラによっお、埋め蟌み甚配垃ず同じ堎所にむンストヌルされるべきです。通垞の Python むンストレヌションのように䟝存性管理に pip を䜿うこずは、この配垃ではサポヌトされたせん。ですが、ちょっずした泚意を払えば、自動曎新のために pip を含めお利甚するこずはできるかもしれたせん。䞀般的には、ナヌザに曎新を提䟛する前に開発者が新しいバヌゞョンずの互換性を保蚌できるよう、サヌドパヌティヌのパッケヌゞはアプリケヌションの䞀郚ずしお扱われるべきです ("vendoring")。

この配垃の 2 ぀のお勧めできるナヌスケヌスを、以䞋で説明したす。

4.2.1. Python application¶

Python で蚘述された、必ずしもナヌザにその事実を意識させる必芁のないアプリケヌションです。埋め蟌み甚配垃はこのケヌスで、むンストヌルパッケヌゞ内に Python のプラむベヌトバヌゞョンを含めるのに䜿えるでしょう。その事実がどのように透過的であるべきかに䟝存しお (あるいは逆に、どのようにプロフェッショナルにみえるべきか)、2 ぀の遞択肢がありたす。

ランチャずなる特別な実行ファむルを䜿うこずはちょっずしたコヌディングを必芁ずしたすが、ナヌザにずっおは最も透過的なナヌザ䜓隓ずなりたす。カスタマむズされたランチャでは、䜕もしなければ Python で実行されるプログラムの明癜な目印はありたせん; アむコンはカスタマむズし、䌚瀟名やバヌゞョン情報を指定し、ファむルの関連付けがそれに盞応しく振舞うようにできたす。ほずんどのケヌスではカスタムランチャは、ハヌドコヌドされたコマンドラむン文字列で単玔に Py_Main を呌び出すので枈むはずです。

より簡単なアプロヌチは、 python.exe たたは pythonw.exe を必芁なコマンドラむン匕数ずずもに盎接呌び出すバッチファむルかショヌトカットを提䟛するこずです。この堎合、そのアプリケヌションは実際の名前ではなく Python であるようにみえるので、ほかに動䜜しおいる Python プロセスやファむルの関連付けず区別するのにナヌザが困るかもしれたせん。

埌者のアプロヌチではパッケヌゞは、パス䞊で利甚可胜であるこずを保蚌するために、Python 実行ファむルず同じディレクトリにむンストヌルされるべきです。特別なランチャの堎合はアプリケヌション起動前に怜玢パスを指定する機䌚があるので、パッケヌゞはほかの堎所に配眮できたす。

4.2.2. Python の埋め蟌み¶

ネむティブコヌドで曞かれ、時々スクリプト蚀語のようなものを必芁ずするようなアプリケヌションです。Python 埋め蟌み甚の配垃はこの目的に䜿えたす。䞀般的に、アプリケヌションの倧半がネむティブコヌド内にあり、䞀郚が python.exe を呌び出すか、盎接的に python3.dll を䜿いたす。どちらのケヌスでも、ロヌド可胜な Python むンタプリタを提䟛するのには、埋め蟌み甚の配垃を展開しおアプリケヌションのむンストレヌションのサブディレクトリに眮くこずで十分です。

アプリケヌションが䜿うパッケヌゞは、むンタプリタ初期化前に怜玢パスを指定する機䌚があるので、任意の堎所にむンストヌルできたす。たた、埋め蟌み甚配垃を䜿うのず通垞の Python むンストレヌションを䜿うのずでの根本的な違いはありたせん。

4.3. nuget.org パッケヌゞ¶

Added in version 3.5.2.

nuget.org パッケヌゞはサむズを瞮小した Python 環境で、システム党䜓で䜿える Python が無い継続的むンテグレヌションやビルドシステムで䜿うこずを意図しおいたす。 nuget は ".NET のためのパッケヌゞマネヌゞャ" ですが、ビルド時に䜿うツヌルを含んだパッケヌゞに察しおも非垞に䞊手く動䜜したす。

nuget の䜿甚方法に぀いおの最新の情報を埗るには nuget.org に行っおください。 ここから先は Python 開発者にずっお十分な芁玄です。

The nuget.exe command line tool may be downloaded directly from https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe, for example, using curl or PowerShell. With the tool, the latest version of Python for 64-bit or 32-bit machines is installed using:

nuget.exe install python -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory .
nuget.exe install pythonx86 -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory .

特定のバヌゞョンを遞択するには、 -Version 3.x.y を远加しおください。 出力ディレクトリは . から倉曎されるこずがあり、パッケヌゞはサブディレクトリにむンストヌルされたす。 デフォルトではサブディレクトリはパッケヌゞず同じ名前になり、 -ExcludeVersion オプションを付けないずこの名前はむンストヌルされたバヌゞョンを含みたす。 サブディレクトリの䞭にはむンストヌルされた Python を含んでいる tools ディレクトリがありたす:

# Without -ExcludeVersion
> .\python.3.5.2\tools\python.exe -V
Python 3.5.2

# With -ExcludeVersion
> .\python\tools\python.exe -V
Python 3.5.2

䞀般的には、 nuget パッケヌゞはアップグレヌドできず、より新しいバヌゞョンは暪䞊びにむンストヌルされ、フルパスで参照されたす。 そうする代わりに、手動で盎接パッケヌゞを削陀し、再床むンストヌルするこずもできたす。 倚くの CI システムは、ビルド間でファむルを保存しおおかない堎合、この䜜業を自動的に行いたす。

tools ディレクトリず同じ堎所に build\native ディレクトリがありたす。 このディレクトリは、むンストヌルされた Python を参照する C++ プロゞェクトで䜿える MSBuild プロパティファむル python.props を含みたす。 ここに蚭定を入れるず自動的にヘッダを䜿い、ビルド時にラむプラリをむンポヌトしたす。

The package information pages on nuget.org are www.nuget.org/packages/python for the 64-bit version, www.nuget.org/packages/pythonx86 for the 32-bit version, and www.nuget.org/packages/pythonarm64 for the ARM64 version

4.3.1. フリヌスレッドパッケヌゞ (Free-threaded packages)¶

Added in version 3.13.

フリヌスレッドバむナリ (free-threaded binaries) を含むパッケヌゞは、 64-bit 版では python-freethreaded 、 32-bit 版では pythonx86-freethreaded 、 ARM64 版では pythonarm64-freethreaded ず呜名されたす。これらのパッケヌゞはずもに python3.13t.exe ず python.exe ゚ントリヌポむントを含み、どちらもフリヌスレッドで実行されたす。

4.4. 別のバンドル¶

暙準の CPython の配垃物の他に、远加の機胜を持っおいる修正されたパッケヌゞがありたす。以䞋は人気のあるバヌゞョンずそのキヌずなる機胜です:

ActivePython

マルチプラットフォヌム互換のむンストヌラヌ、ドキュメント、 PyWin32

Anaconda

人気のある (numpy, scipy や pandas のような) 科孊系モゞュヌルず、パッケヌゞマネヌゞャ conda 。

Enthought Deployment Manager

"次䞖代の Python 環境ずパッケヌゞマネヌゞャヌ" ("The Next Generation Python Environment and Package Manager")。

以前は Enthought が Canopy を提䟛しおいたしたが、これは 2016 幎にサポヌトが終了したした。

WinPython

ビルド枈みの科孊系パッケヌゞず、パッケヌゞのビルドのためのツヌルを含む、Windows 固有のディストリビュヌション。

これらパッケヌゞは Python や他のラむブラリの最新バヌゞョンが含たれるずは限りたせんし、コア Python チヌムはこれらを保守もしたせんしサポヌトもしたせんのでご理解ください。

4.5. Supported Windows versions¶

As specified in PEP 11, a Python release only supports a Windows platform while Microsoft considers the platform under extended support. This means that Python 3.14 supports Windows 10 and newer. If you require Windows 7 support, please install Python 3.8. If you require Windows 8.1 support, please install Python 3.12.

4.6. Removing the MAX_PATH limitation¶

Windows は歎史的にパスの長さが 260 文字に制限されおいたす。 ぀たり、これより長いパスは解決できず結果ずしお゚ラヌになるずいうこずです。

In the latest versions of Windows, this limitation can be expanded to over 32,000 characters. Your administrator will need to activate the "Enable Win32 long paths" group policy, or set LongPathsEnabled to 1 in the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem.

これにより、 open() 関数や os モゞュヌル、他のほずんどのパスの機胜が 260 文字より長いパスを受け入れ、返すこずができるようになりたす。

After changing the above option and rebooting, no further configuration is required.

4.7. UTF-8 モヌド¶

Added in version 3.7.

Windows still uses legacy encodings for the system encoding (the ANSI Code Page). Python uses it for the default encoding of text files (e.g. locale.getencoding()).

This may cause issues because UTF-8 is widely used on the internet and most Unix systems, including WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux).

You can use the Python UTF-8 Mode to change the default text encoding to UTF-8. You can enable the Python UTF-8 Mode via the -X utf8 command line option, or the PYTHONUTF8=1 environment variable. See PYTHONUTF8 for enabling UTF-8 mode, and Python install manager for how to modify environment variables.

When the Python UTF-8 Mode is enabled, you can still use the system encoding (the ANSI Code Page) via the "mbcs" codec.

Note that adding PYTHONUTF8=1 to the default environment variables will affect all Python 3.7+ applications on your system. If you have any Python 3.7+ applications which rely on the legacy system encoding, it is recommended to set the environment variable temporarily or use the -X utf8 command line option.

泚釈

Even when UTF-8 mode is disabled, Python uses UTF-8 by default on Windows for:

4.8. モゞュヌルの怜玢¶

These notes supplement the description at sys.path モゞュヌル怜玢パスの初期化 with detailed Windows notes.

._pth ファむルが芋付からなかったずきは、 Windows では sys.path は次のように蚭定されたす:

  • 最初に空の゚ントリが远加されたす。これはカレントディレクトリを指しおいたす。

  • その次に、 PYTHONPATH 環境倉数が存圚するずき、 環境倉数 で解説されおいるように远加されたす。 Windows ではドラむブ識別子 (C:\ など)ず区別するために、この環境倉数に含たれるパスの区切り文字はセミコロンでなければならない事に泚意しおください。

  • 远加で "アプリケヌションのパス" を HKEY_CURRENT_USER か HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE の䞭の \SOFTWARE\Python\PythonCore{version}\PythonPath のサブキヌずしお登録するこずができたす。サブキヌはデフォルト倀ずしおセミコロンで区切られたパス文字列を持぀こずができ、曞くパスが sys.path に远加されたす。 (既存のむンストヌラヌはすべお HKLM しか利甚しないので、 HKCU は通垞空です)

  • PYTHONHOME が蚭定されおいる堎合、それが "Python Home" ずしお扱われたす。 それ以倖の堎合、 "Python Home" を掚定するために Python の実行ファむルのパスから "目印ファむル" (Lib\os.py たたは pythonXY.zip) が探されたす。 Python home が芋぀かった堎合、そこからいく぀かのサブディレクトリ (Lib, plat-win など) が sys.path に远加されたす。 芋぀からなかった堎合、コアずなる Python path はレゞストリに登録された PythonPath から構築されたす。

  • Python Home が芋぀からず、環境倉数 PYTHONPATH が指定されず、レゞストリ゚ントリが芋぀からなかった堎合、関連するデフォルトのパスが利甚されたす (䟋: .\Lib;.\plat-win など)。

メむンの実行ファむルず同じ堎所か䞀぀䞊のディレクトリに pyvenv.cfg がある堎合、以䞋の異なった芏則が適甚されたす:

  • PYTHONHOME が蚭定されおおらず、 home が絶察パスの堎合、home 掚定の際メむンの実行ファむルから掚定するのではなくこのパスを䜿いたす。

結果ずしおこうなりたす:

  • python.exe かそれ以倖の Python ディレクトリにある .exe ファむルを実行したずき (むンストヌルされおいる堎合でも PCbuild から盎接実行されおいる堎合でも) core path が利甚され、レゞストリ内の core path は無芖されたす。それ以倖のレゞストリの "application paths" は垞に読み蟌たれたす。

  • Python が他の .exe ファむル (他のディレクトリに存圚する堎合や、COM経由で組み蟌たれる堎合など) にホストされおいる堎合は、 "Python Home" は掚定されず、レゞストリにある core path が利甚されたす。それ以倖のレゞストリの "application paths" は垞に読み蟌たれたす。

  • Python がその home を芋぀けられず、レゞストリの倀もない堎合 (これはいく぀かのずおもおかしなむンストレヌションセットアップの凍結された .exe)、パスは最小限のデフォルトずしお盞察パスが䜿われたす。

自身のアプリケヌションや配垃物に Python をバンドルしたい堎合には、以䞋の助蚀 (のいずれかたたは組合せ) によりほかのむンストレヌションずの衝突を避けるこずができたす:

  • Include a ._pth file alongside your executable containing the directories to include. This will ignore paths listed in the registry and environment variables, and also ignore site unless import site is listed.

  • If you are loading python3.dll or python37.dll in your own executable, explicitly set PyConfig.module_search_paths before Py_InitializeFromConfig().

  • 自身のアプリケヌションから python.exe を起動する前に、 PYTHONPATH をクリアしたり䞊曞きし、 PYTHONHOME をセットしおください。

  • If you cannot use the previous suggestions (for example, you are a distribution that allows people to run python.exe directly), ensure that the landmark file (Lib\os.py) exists in your install directory. (Note that it will not be detected inside a ZIP file, but a correctly named ZIP file will be detected instead.)

これらはシステムワむドにむンストヌルされたファむルが、あなたのアプリケヌションにバンドルされた暙準ラむブラリのコピヌに優先しないようにしたす。これをしなければあなたのアプリケヌションのナヌザは、䜕かしら問題を抱えるかもしれたせん。䞊で列挙した最初の提案が最善です。ほかのものはレゞストリ内の非暙準のパスやナヌザの site-packages の圱響を少し受けやすいからです。

バヌゞョン 3.6 で倉曎: Add ._pth file support and removes applocal option from pyvenv.cfg.

バヌゞョン 3.6 で倉曎: Add pythonXX.zip as a potential landmark when directly adjacent to the executable.

バヌゞョン 3.6 で非掚奚: Modules specified in the registry under Modules (not PythonPath) may be imported by importlib.machinery.WindowsRegistryFinder. This finder is enabled on Windows in 3.6.0 and earlier, but may need to be explicitly added to sys.meta_path in the future.

4.9. 远加のモゞュヌル¶

Python は党プラットフォヌム互換を目指しおいたすが、 Windows にしかないナニヌクな機胜もありたす。暙準ラむブラリず倖郚のラむブラリの䞡方で、幟぀かのモゞュヌルず、そういった機胜を䜿うためのスニペットがありたす。

Windows 固有の暙準モゞュヌルは、 MS Windows 固有のサヌビス に曞かれおいたす。

4.9.1. PyWin32¶

The PyWin32 module by Mark Hammond is a collection of modules for advanced Windows-specific support. This includes utilities for:

PythonWin は PyWin32 に付属しおいる、サンプルのMFCアプリケヌションです。これはビルトむンのデバッガを含む、組み蟌み可胜なIDEです。

参考

Win32 How Do I...?

by Tim Golden

Python and COM

by David and Paul Boddie

4.9.2. cx_Freeze¶

cx_Freeze wraps Python scripts into executable Windows programs (*.exe files). When you have done this, you can distribute your application without requiring your users to install Python.

4.10. Windows 䞊で Python をコンパむルする¶

CPython を自分でコンパむルしたい堎合、最初にすべきこずは ゜ヌス を取埗するこずです。最新リリヌス版の゜ヌスか、新しい チェックアりト をダりンロヌドできたす。

゜ヌスツリヌには Microsoft Visual Studio でのビルドの゜リュヌションファむルずプロゞェクトファむルが含たれおいお、これが公匏の Python リリヌスに䜿われおいるコンパむラです。これらファむルは PCbuild ディレクトリ内にありたす。

ビルドプロセスに぀いおの䞀般的な情報は、PCbuild/readme.txt にありたす。

拡匵モゞュヌルに぀いおは、 Windows 䞊での C および C++ 拡匵モゞュヌルのビルド を参照しおください。

4.11. The full installer (deprecated)¶

バヌゞョン 3.14 で非掚奚: This installer is deprecated since 3.14 and will not be produced for Python 3.16 or later. See Python install manager for the modern installer.

4.11.1. むンストヌル手順¶

ダりンロヌドできる Python 3.14 のむンストヌラは 4 ぀ありたす。 むンタプリタの 32 ビット版、64 ビット版がそれぞれ 2 ぀ず぀ありたす。 WEB むンストヌラ は最初のダりンロヌドサむズは小さく、必芁なコンポヌネントはむンストヌラ実行時に必芁に応じお自動的にダりンロヌドしたす。 オフラむンむンストヌラ にはデフォルトむンストヌルに必芁なコンポヌネントが含たれおいお、むンタヌネット接続はオプショナルな機胜のためにだけに必芁ずなりたす。 むンストヌル時にダりンロヌドを避けるほかの方法に぀いおは Installing without downloading を参照しお䞋さい。

むンストヌラを開始するず、2぀の遞択肢からひず぀を遞べたす:

../_images/win_installer.png

"Install Now" を遞択した堎合:

  • 管理者暩限は 䞍芁です (ただし C ランタむムラむブラリのシステム曎新が必芁であったり、 Python install manager をすべおのナヌザ向けにむンストヌルする堎合は必芁です)。

  • Python はあなたのナヌザディレクトリにむンストヌルされたす。

  • Python install manager はこのむンストヌルりィザヌド最初のペヌゞの䞋郚のチェックボックス指定に埓っおむンストヌルされたす。

  • 暙準ラむブラリ、テストスむヌト、ランチャ、pip がむンストヌルされたす。

  • このむンストヌルりィザヌド最初の䞋郚のチェックボックスをチェックすれば、環境倉数 PATH にむンストヌルディレクトリが远加されたす。

  • ショヌトカットはカレントナヌザだけに可芖になりたす。

"Customize installation" を遞択するず、むンストヌル堎所、その他オプションやむンストヌル埌のアクションの倉曎などのむンストヌルの有りようを遞べたす。デバッグシンボルやデバッグバむナリをむンストヌルするならこちらを遞択する必芁があるでしょう。

すべおのナヌザのためのむンストヌルのためには "Customize installation" を遞んでください。この堎合:

  • 管理者資栌か承認が必芁かもしれたせん。

  • Python は Program Files ディレクトリにむンストヌルされたす。

  • Python install manager は Windows ディレクトリにむンストヌルされたす。

  • オプショナルな機胜はむンストヌル䞭に遞択できたす。

  • 暙準ラむブラリをバむトコヌドにプリコンパむルできたす。

  • そう遞択すれば、むンストヌルディレクトリはシステム環境倉数 PATH に远加されたす。

  • ショヌトカットがすべおのナヌザで利甚できるようになりたす。

4.11.2. Removing the MAX_PATH limitation¶

Windows は歎史的にパスの長さが 260 文字に制限されおいたす。 ぀たり、これより長いパスは解決できず結果ずしお゚ラヌになるずいうこずです。

Windows の最新版では、この制限は玄 32,000 文字たで拡匵できたす。 管理者が、グルヌプポリシヌの "Win32 の長いパスを有効にする (Enable Win32 long paths)" を有効にするか、レゞストリキヌ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem の LongPathsEnabled の倀を 1 に蚭定する必芁がありたす。

これにより、 open() 関数や os モゞュヌル、他のほずんどのパスの機胜が 260 文字より長いパスを受け入れ、返すこずができるようになりたす。

これらのオプションを倉曎したら、それ以䞊の蚭定は必芁ありたせん。

バヌゞョン 3.6 で倉曎: Python で長いパスのサポヌトが可胜になりたした。

4.11.3. Installing without UI¶

むンストヌラの GUI で利甚できるすべおのオプションは、コマンドラむンからも指定できたす。これによりナヌザずの察話なしで数倚くの機噚に同じむンストヌルを行うような、スクリプト化されたむンストヌルを行うこずができたす。ちょっずしたデフォルトの倉曎のために、GUI を抑制するこずなしにこれらコマンドラむンオプションをセットするこずもできたす。

むンストヌラヌには、以䞋のオプション (/? でむンストヌラを実行するこずで確認できたす) を枡すこずができたす:

名前

説明

/passive

ナヌザヌの操䜜なしでも進捗を衚瀺する

/quiet

UI を衚瀺せずにむンストヌル・アンむンストヌルする

/simple

ナヌザヌによるカスタマむズができないようにする

/uninstall

(確認無しで) Python を削陀する

/layout [ディレクトリ]

すべおのコンポヌネントを事前にダりンロヌドする

/log [ファむル名]

ログファむルの堎所を指定する

ほかのすべおのオプションは name=value の圢で枡したす。value は倧抵 0 で機胜を無効化、 1 で機胜を有効化、であるずかパスの指定です。利甚可胜なオプションの完党なリストは以䞋の通りです。

名前

説明

デフォルト

InstallAllUsers

システムワむドなむンストヌルを実行する。

0

TargetDir

むンストヌル先ディレクトリ。

InstallAllUsers に基いお遞択されたす。

DefaultAllUsersTargetDir

すべおのナヌザ向けむンストヌルのためのデフォルトむンストヌル先ディレクトリ。

%ProgramFiles%\Python X.Y たたは %ProgramFiles(x86)%\Python X.Y

DefaultJustForMeTargetDir

自分䞀人甚むンストヌルのためのデフォルトむンストヌル先ディレクトリ。

%LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\PythonXY たたは %LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\PythonXY-32 たたは %LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\PythonXY-64

DefaultCustomTargetDir

カスタムむンストヌルディレクトリずしおデフォルトで GUI に衚瀺される倀。

(空)

AssociateFiles

ランチャもむンストヌルする堎合に、ファむルの関連付けを行う。

1

CompileAll

すべおの .py ファむルをバむトコンパむルしお .pyc を䜜る。

0

PrependPath

PATH にむンストヌルディレクトリず Scripts ディレクトリを先頭に远加し、 PATHEXT に .PY を远加する。

0

AppendPath

PATH にむンストヌルディレクトリず Scripts ディレクトリを远加し、 PATHEXT に .PY を远加する。

0

Shortcuts

むンストヌルするむンタプリタ、ドキュメント、IDLE ぞのショヌトカットを䜜る。

1

Include_doc

Python マニュアルをむンストヌルする。

1

Include_debug

デバッグバむナリをむンストヌルする。

0

Include_dev

開発者甚ヘッダヌずラむブラリをむンストヌルする。これを省略するず、䜿甚䞍可胜なむンストヌルになる可胜性がありたす。

1

Include_exe

python.exe ず関連するファむルをむンストヌルする。これを省略するず、䜿甚䞍可胜なむンストヌルになる可胜性がありたす。

1

Include_launcher

Python install manager をむンストヌルする。

1

InstallLauncherAllUsers

すべおのナヌザヌにランチャヌをむンストヌルする。 Include_launcher が 1 に蚭定されおいる必芁がありたす。

1

Include_lib

暙準ラむブラリず拡匵モゞュヌルをむンストヌルする。これを省略するず、䜿甚䞍可胜なむンストヌルになる可胜性がありたす。

1

Include_pip

バンドル版の pip ず setuptools をむンストヌルする。

1

Include_symbols

デバッグシンボル (*.pdb) をむンストヌルする。

0

Include_tcltk

Tcl/Tk サポヌトず IDLE をむンストヌルする。

1

Include_test

暙準ラむブラリのテストスむヌトをむンストヌルする。

1

Include_tools

ナヌティリティスクリプトをむンストヌルする。

1

LauncherOnly

ランチャのみをむンストヌルする。これは他のほずんどのオプションを䞊曞きしたす。

0

SimpleInstall

最倧限のむンストヌラ GUI を無効にする。

0

SimpleInstallDescription

単玔化されたむンストヌラ GUI を䜿う際に衚瀺するカスタムメッセヌゞ。

(空)

䟋えばデフォルトでシステムワむドな Python むンストレヌションを静かに行うには、以䞋コマンドを䜿えたす (コマンドプロンプトより):

python-3.9.0.exe /quiet InstallAllUsers=1 PrependPath=1 Include_test=0

テストスむヌトなしの Python のパヌ゜ナルなコピヌのむンストヌルをナヌザに簡単に行わせるには、以䞋コマンドのショヌトカットを䜜れば良いです。これはむンストヌラの最初のペヌゞを単玔化しお衚瀺し、たた、カスタマむズできないようにしたす:

python-3.9.0.exe InstallAllUsers=0 Include_launcher=0 Include_test=0
    SimpleInstall=1 SimpleInstallDescription="Just for me, no test suite."

(ランチャのむンストヌルを省略するずファむルの関連付けも省略されるので、これはランチャむンストヌルを含めたシステムワむドなむンストヌルをした堎合のナヌザごずむンストヌルに限った堎合のお勧めです。)

䞊でリストしたオプションは、実行ファむルず同じ堎所の unattend.xml ず名付けられたファむルで䞎えるこずもできたす。このファむルはオプションずその倀のリストを指定したす。倀がアトリビュヌトずしお䞎えられた堎合、それは数倀であれば数倀に倉換されたす。゚レメントテキストで䞎える堎合は垞に文字列のたたです。以䞋は、先の䟋ず同じオプションをセットするファむルの実䟋です:

<Options>
    <Option Name="InstallAllUsers" Value="no" />
    <Option Name="Include_launcher" Value="0" />
    <Option Name="Include_test" Value="no" />
    <Option Name="SimpleInstall" Value="yes" />
    <Option Name="SimpleInstallDescription">Just for me, no test suite</Option>
</Options>

4.11.4. Installing without downloading¶

Python のいく぀かの機胜は最初にダりンロヌドしたむンストヌラには含たれおいないため、それらの機胜をむンストヌルしようず遞択するずむンタヌネット接続が必芁になりたす。 むンタヌネット接続が必芁にならないように、党おのコンポヌネントをすぐにできる限りダりンロヌドしお、完党な 配眮構成 (layout) を䜜成し、どんな機胜が遞択されたかに関わらず、それ以䞊むンタヌネット接続を必芁がないようにしたす。 この方法のダりンロヌドサむズは必芁以䞊に倧きくなるかもしれたせんが、たくさんの回数むンストヌルしようずする堎合には、ロヌカルにキャッシュされたコピヌを持぀こずはずおも有甚です。

コマンドプロンプトから以䞋のコマンドを実行しお、必芁なファむルをできる限り党おダりンロヌドしたす。 python-3.9.0.exe 郚分は実際のむンストヌラの名前に眮き換え、同名のファむルどうしの衝突が起こらないように、個別のディレクトリ内に配眮構成を䜜るのを忘れないようにしおください。

python-3.9.0.exe /layout [optional target directory]

進捗衚瀺を隠すのに /quiet オプションを指定するこずもできたす。

4.11.5. むンストヌル埌の倉曎¶

いったん Python がむンストヌルされたら、Windows のシステム機胜の「プログラムず機胜」ツヌルから機胜の远加や削陀ができたす。Python の゚ントリを遞択しお「アンむンストヌルず倉曎」を遞ぶこずで、むンストヌラをメンテナンスモヌドで開きたす。

むンストヌラ GUI で "Modify" を遞ぶず、チェックボックスの遞択を倉えるこずで機胜の远加削陀ができたす - チェックボックスの遞択を倉えなければ、䜕かがむンストヌルされたり削陀されたりはしたせん。いく぀かのオプションはこのモヌドでは倉曎するこずはできたせん。むンストヌルディレクトリなどです。それらを倉えたいのであれば、完党に削陀しおから再むンストヌルする必芁がありたす。

"Repair" では、珟圚の蚭定で本来むンストヌルされるべきすべおのファむルを怜蚌し、削陀されおいたり曎新されおいたりするファむルを修正したす。

"Uninstall" は Python を完党に削陀したす。「プログラムず機胜」内の自身の゚ントリを持぀ Python install manager の䟋倖が起こりたす。

4.11.6. Installing free-threaded binaries¶

Added in version 3.13.

To install pre-built binaries with free-threading enabled (see PEP 703), you should select "Customize installation". The second page of options includes the "Download free-threaded binaries" checkbox.

../_images/win_install_freethreaded.png

Selecting this option will download and install additional binaries to the same location as the main Python install. The main executable is called python3.13t.exe, and other binaries either receive a t suffix or a full ABI suffix. Python source files and bundled third-party dependencies are shared with the main install.

The free-threaded version is registered as a regular Python install with the tag 3.13t (with a -32 or -arm64 suffix as normal for those platforms). This allows tools to discover it, and for the Python install manager to support py.exe -3.13t. Note that the launcher will interpret py.exe -3 (or a python3 shebang) as "the latest 3.x install", which will prefer the free-threaded binaries over the regular ones, while py.exe -3.13 will not. If you use the short style of option, you may prefer to not install the free-threaded binaries at this time.

To specify the install option at the command line, use Include_freethreaded=1. See Installing without downloading for instructions on pre-emptively downloading the additional binaries for offline install. The options to include debug symbols and binaries also apply to the free-threaded builds.

Free-threaded binaries are also available on nuget.org.

4.12. Python launcher for Windows (deprecated)¶

バヌゞョン 3.14 で非掚奚: The launcher and this documentation have been superseded by the Python Install Manager described above. This is preserved temporarily for historical interest.

Added in version 3.3.

Windows の Python ランチャは、異なる Python のバヌゞョンの䜍眮の特定ず実行を助けるナヌティリティです。スクリプト (たたはコマンドラむン) で特定の Python のバヌゞョンの蚭定を䞎えられるず、䜍眮を特定し、そのバヌゞョンを実行したす。

環境倉数 PATH による方法ず違っお、このランチャは Python の䞀番適切なバヌゞョンを、正しく遞択したす。このランチャはシステムワむドなものよりもナヌザごずのむンストレヌションの方を優先し、たた、新しくむンストヌルされた順よりも蚀語のバヌゞョンを優先したす。

ランチャのオリゞナルの仕様は PEP 397 にありたす。

4.12.1. 最初に¶

4.12.1.1. コマンドラむンから起動する¶

バヌゞョン 3.6 で倉曎.

Python 3.3 ずそれ以降のシステムワむドなむンストヌルでは、ランチャヌが PATH に远加されたす。ランチャヌは、入手可胜なあらゆる Python のバヌゞョンに互換性があるため、実際にどのバヌゞョンの Python がむンストヌルされおいるのかは重芁ではありたせん。ランチャヌが䜿えるかを確認するには以䞋のコマンドをコマンドプロンプトで実行しおください:

py

むンストヌルされおいる最新バヌゞョンの Python が起動するはずです。 通垞どおりに終了するこずもできたすし、远加のコマンドラむン匕数を指定しお盎接 Python に枡すこずもできたす。

耇数のバヌゞョンの Python (たずえば 3.7 ず 3.14) がむンストヌルされおいる堎合は、Python 3.14 が起動するこずになりたす。Python 3.7 を起動したいなら、次のコマンドを実行しおみおください:

py -3.7

むンストヌルしおある Python 2 の最新バヌゞョンを起動したい堎合は、次のコマンドを実行しおみおください:

py -2

以䞋のような゚ラヌが出るようであれば、ランチャはむンストヌルされおいたせん:

'py' is not recognized as an internal or external command,
operable program or batch file.

このコマンド:

py --list

これは、珟圚むンストヌルされおいる Python のバヌゞョンを衚瀺したす。

The -x.y argument is the short form of the -V:Company/Tag argument, which allows selecting a specific Python runtime, including those that may have come from somewhere other than python.org. Any runtime registered by following PEP 514 will be discoverable. The --list command lists all available runtimes using the -V: format.

When using the -V: argument, specifying the Company will limit selection to runtimes from that provider, while specifying only the Tag will select from all providers. Note that omitting the slash implies a tag:

# Select any '3.*' tagged runtime
py -V:3

# Select any 'PythonCore' released runtime
py -V:PythonCore/

# Select PythonCore's latest Python 3 runtime
py -V:PythonCore/3

The short form of the argument (-3) only ever selects from core Python releases, and not other distributions. However, the longer form (-V:3) will select from any.

The Company is matched on the full string, case-insensitive. The Tag is matched on either the full string, or a prefix, provided the next character is a dot or a hyphen. This allows -V:3.1 to match 3.1-32, but not 3.10. Tags are sorted using numerical ordering (3.10 is newer than 3.1), but are compared using text (-V:3.01 does not match 3.1).

4.12.1.2. 仮想環境 (Virtual environments)¶

Added in version 3.5.

(暙準ラむブラリの venv モゞュヌルか倖郚ツヌル virtualenv で䜜った) 仮想環境がアクティブな状態で Python の明瀺的なバヌゞョンを指定せずにランチャを起動するず、ランチャはグロヌバルなむンタプリタではなくその仮想環境のものを実行したす。グロヌバルなほうのむンタプリタを実行するには、仮想環境の動䜜を停止するか、たたは明瀺的にグロヌバルな Python バヌゞョンを指定しおください。

4.12.1.3. スクリプトから起動する¶

テスト甚の Python スクリプトを䜜成したしょう。hello.py ずいう名前で以䞋の内容のファむルを䜜成しおください

#! python
import sys
sys.stdout.write("hello from Python %s\n" % (sys.version,))

hello.py が存圚するディレクトリで、䞋蚘コマンドを実行しおください:

py hello.py

むンストヌルされおいる最新の Python 2.x のバヌゞョン番号が衚瀺されるはずです。では、1行目を以䞋のように倉曎しおみおください:

#! python3

コマンドを再実行するず、今床は最新の Python 3.x の情報が衚瀺されるはずです。これたでのコマンドラむンの䟋ず同様に、より现かいバヌゞョン修食子を指定するこずもできたす。Python 3.7 がむンストヌルされおいる堎合、最初の行を #! python3.7 に倉曎するず、3.7 のバヌゞョン情報が衚瀺されるはずです。

コマンドからの呌び出しずは異なり、埌ろに䜕も぀かない "python" はむンストヌルされおいる Python2.x の最新バヌゞョンを利甚するこずに泚意しおください。これは埌方互換性ず、 python が䞀般的に Python 2 を指すUnix ずの互換性のためです。

4.12.1.4. ファむルの関連付けから起動する¶

むンストヌル時に、ランチャは Python ファむル (すなわち .py, .pyw, .pyc ファむル) に関連付けられたはずです。そのため、これらのファむルを Windows の゚クスプロヌラヌでダブルクリックした際はランチャが䜿われ、䞊で述べたのず同じ機胜を䜿っおスクリプトが䜿われるべきバヌゞョンを指定できるようになりたす。

このこずによる重芁な利点は、単䞀のランチャが先頭行の内容によっお耇数の Python バヌゞョンを同時にサポヌトできるこずです。

4.12.2. Shebang lines¶

スクリプトファむルの先頭の行が #! で始たっおいる堎合は、その行はシェバン (shebang) 行ずしお知られおいたす。 Linux や他の Unix ç³» OS はこうした行をもずもずサポヌトしおいるため、それらのシステムでは、スクリプトがどのように実行されるかを瀺すために広く䜿われたす。 Windows の Python ランチャは、Windows 䞊の Python スクリプトが同じ機胜を䜿甚できるようにし、䞊の䟋ではそれらの機胜の䜿甚法を瀺しおいたす。

Python スクリプトのシェバン行を Unix-Windows 間で移怍可胜にするため、このランチャは、どのむンタプリタが䜿われるかを指定するための倧量の '仮想' コマンドをサポヌトしおいたす。サポヌトされる仮想コマンドには以䞋のものがありたす:

  • /usr/bin/env

  • /usr/bin/python

  • /usr/local/bin/python

  • python

具䜓的に、もしスクリプトの1行目が

#! /usr/bin/python

で始たっおいたら、デフォルトの Python たたはアクティブな仮想環境の䜍眮が特定され、䜿甚されたす。倚くの Unix 䞊で動䜜する Python スクリプトにはすでにこの行が存圚する傟向がありたすので、ランチャによりそれらのスクリプトを修正なしで䜿うこずができるはずです。あなたが新しいスクリプトを Windows 䞊で曞いおいお、Unix 䞊でも有甚であっおほしいず思うなら、シェバン行のうち /usr で始たるものを䜿甚すべきです。

䞊蚘のどの仮想コマンドでも、(メゞャヌバヌゞョンだけや、メゞャヌ・マむナヌバヌゞョンの䞡方で) 明瀺的にバヌゞョンを指定できたす。 さらに、 "-32" をマむナヌバヌゞョンの埌ろに远加しお 32-bit 版を芁求できたす。 䟋えば、 /usr/bin/python3.7-32 は 32-bit の Python 3.7 を䜿うよう芁求したす。仮想環境がアクティブになっおいる堎合は、バヌゞョンは無芖され、その環境が䜿甚されたす。

Added in version 3.7: python ランチャの 3.7 からは、末尟に "-64" を付けお 64-bit 版を芁求できたす。 さらに、マむナヌバヌゞョン無しのメゞャヌバヌゞョンずアヌキテクチャだけ (䟋えば、 /usr/bin/python3-64) で指定できたす。

バヌゞョン 3.11 で倉曎: The "-64" suffix is deprecated, and now implies "any architecture that is not provably i386/32-bit". To request a specific environment, use the new -V:TAG argument with the complete tag.

バヌゞョン 3.13 で倉曎: Virtual commands referencing python now prefer an active virtual environment rather than searching PATH. This handles cases where the shebang specifies /usr/bin/env python3 but python3.exe is not present in the active environment.

The /usr/bin/env form of shebang line has one further special property. Before looking for installed Python interpreters, this form will search the executable PATH for a Python executable matching the name provided as the first argument. This corresponds to the behaviour of the Unix env program, which performs a PATH search. If an executable matching the first argument after the env command cannot be found, but the argument starts with python, it will be handled as described for the other virtual commands. The environment variable PYLAUNCHER_NO_SEARCH_PATH may be set (to any value) to skip this search of PATH.

Shebang lines that do not match any of these patterns are looked up in the [commands] section of the launcher's .INI file. This may be used to handle certain commands in a way that makes sense for your system. The name of the command must be a single argument (no spaces in the shebang executable), and the value substituted is the full path to the executable (additional arguments specified in the .INI will be quoted as part of the filename).

[commands]
/bin/xpython=C:\Program Files\XPython\python.exe

Any commands not found in the .INI file are treated as Windows executable paths that are absolute or relative to the directory containing the script file. This is a convenience for Windows-only scripts, such as those generated by an installer, since the behavior is not compatible with Unix-style shells. These paths may be quoted, and may include multiple arguments, after which the path to the script and any additional arguments will be appended.

4.12.3. シェバン行の匕数¶

シェバン行では Python むンタプリタに枡される远加の匕数を指定するこずもできたす。たずえば、シェバン行に以䞋のように曞かれおいるずしたしょう:

#! /usr/bin/python -v

この堎合、Python は -v オプション付きで起動するでしょう

4.12.4. カスタマむズ¶

4.12.4.1. INI ファむルによるカスタマむズ¶

ランチャは2぀の .ini ファむルを探しに行きたす。具䜓的には、珟圚のナヌザヌのアプリケヌションデヌタディレクトリ (%LOCALAPPDATA% たたは $env:LocalAppData) の py.ini ず、ランチャず同じディレクトリにある py.ini です。'コン゜ヌル' 版のランチャ (぀たり py.exe) ず 'Windows' 版のランチャ (぀たり pyw.exe) は同䞀の .ini ファむルを䜿甚したす。

"application data" ディレクトリで指定された蚭定は、実行ファむルの隣にあるものより優先されたす。そのため、ランチャの隣にある .ini ファむルぞの曞き蟌みアクセスができないナヌザは、グロヌバルな .ini ファむル内のコマンドを䞊曞き (override) できたす。

4.12.4.2. デフォルトのPythonバヌゞョンのカスタマむズ¶

どのバヌゞョンの Python をコマンドで䜿甚するかを定めるため、バヌゞョン修食子がコマンドに含められるこずがありたす。 バヌゞョン修食子はメゞャヌバヌゞョン番号で始たり、オプションのピリオド ('.') ずマむナヌバヌゞョン指定子がそれに続きたす。 さらに、 "-32" や "-64" を远蚘しお 32-bit あるいは 64-bit のどちらの実装が芁求されるかを指瀺できたす。

たずえば、#!python ずいうシェバン行はバヌゞョン修食子を含みたせんが、#!python3 はメゞャヌバヌゞョンを指定するバヌゞョン修食子を含みたす。

If no version qualifiers are found in a command, the environment variable PY_PYTHON can be set to specify the default version qualifier. If it is not set, the default is "3". The variable can specify any value that may be passed on the command line, such as "3", "3.7", "3.7-32" or "3.7-64". (Note that the "-64" option is only available with the launcher included with Python 3.7 or newer.)

マむナヌバヌゞョン修食子が芋぀からない堎合、環境倉数 PY_PYTHON{major} (ここで {major} は、䞊蚘で決定された珟圚のメゞャヌバヌゞョン修食子) を蚭定しお完党なバヌゞョンを指定するこずができたす。そういったオプションが芋぀からなければ、ランチャはむンストヌル枈みの Python バヌゞョンを列挙しお、芋぀かったそのメゞャヌバヌゞョン向けマむナヌリリヌスのうち最新のものを䜿甚したす。保蚌されおいるわけではありたせんが、通垞はそのメゞャヌバヌゞョン系で最も埌にむンストヌルしたバヌゞョンになりたす。

64-bit Windows で、同䞀の (major.minor) Python バヌゞョンの 32-bit ず 64-bit の䞡方の実装がむンストヌルされおいた堎合、64-bit バヌゞョンのほうが垞に優先されたす。これはランチャが 32-bit ず 64-bit のどちらでも蚀えるこずで、32-bit のランチャは、指定されたバヌゞョンが䜿甚可胜であれば、64-bit の Python を優先しお実行したす。これは、どのバヌゞョンが PC にむンストヌルされおいるかのみでランチャの挙動を予芋でき、それらがむンストヌルされた順番に関係なくなる (぀たり最埌にむンストヌルされた Python ずランチャが 32-bit か 64-bit かを知らなくずもよい) ようにするためです。䞊に蚘したずおり、オプションの "-32", "-64" サフィックスでこの挙動を倉曎できたす。

䟋:

  • 関連するオプションが蚭定されおいない堎合、python および python2 コマンドはむンストヌルされおいる最新の Python 2.x バヌゞョンを䜿甚し、python3 コマンドはむンストヌルされおいる最新の Python 3.x を䜿甚したす。

  • python3.7 コマンドは、バヌゞョンが完党に指定されおいるため、党くオプションを参照したせん。

  • PY_PYTHON=3 の堎合、python および python3 コマンドはずもにむンストヌルされおいる最新の Python 3 を䜿甚したす。

  • PY_PYTHON=3.7-32 の堎合、python コマンドは 32-bit 版の 3.7 を䜿甚したすが、python3 コマンドはむンストヌルされおいる最新の Python を䜿甚したす (メゞャヌバヌゞョンが指定されおいるため、PY_PYTHON は党く考慮されたせん。)

  • PY_PYTHON=3 で PY_PYTHON3=3.7 の堎合、python および python3 はどちらも 3.7 を䜿甚したす

環境倉数に加え、同じ蚭定をランチャが䜿う INI ファむルで構成するこずができたす。INI ファむルの該圓するセクションは [defaults] ず呌ばれ、キヌ名は環境倉数のキヌ名から PY_ ずいう接頭蟞を取ったものず同じです (INI ファむルのキヌ名は倧文字小文字を区別しないこずにご泚意ください)。環境倉数の内容は INI ファむルでの指定を䞊曞きしたす。

䟋えば:

  • PY_PYTHON=3.7 ず蚭定するこずは、INI ファむルに䞋蚘が含たれるこずず等䟡です:

[defaults]
python=3.7
  • PY_PYTHON=3 ず PY_PYTHON3=3.7 を蚭定するこずは、INI ファむルに䞋蚘が含たれるこずず等䟡です:

[defaults]
python=3
python3=3.7

4.12.5. 蚺断¶

If an environment variable PYLAUNCHER_DEBUG is set (to any value), the launcher will print diagnostic information to stderr (i.e. to the console). While this information manages to be simultaneously verbose and terse, it should allow you to see what versions of Python were located, why a particular version was chosen and the exact command-line used to execute the target Python. It is primarily intended for testing and debugging.

4.12.6. Dry run¶

If an environment variable PYLAUNCHER_DRYRUN is set (to any value), the launcher will output the command it would have run, but will not actually launch Python. This may be useful for tools that want to use the launcher to detect and then launch Python directly. Note that the command written to standard output is always encoded using UTF-8, and may not render correctly in the console.

4.12.7. Install on demand¶

If an environment variable PYLAUNCHER_ALLOW_INSTALL is set (to any value), and the requested Python version is not installed but is available on the Microsoft Store, the launcher will attempt to install it. This may require user interaction to complete, and you may need to run the command again.

An additional PYLAUNCHER_ALWAYS_INSTALL variable causes the launcher to always try to install Python, even if it is detected. This is mainly intended for testing (and should be used with PYLAUNCHER_DRYRUN).

4.12.8. Return codes¶

The following exit codes may be returned by the Python launcher. Unfortunately, there is no way to distinguish these from the exit code of Python itself.

The names of codes are as used in the sources, and are only for reference. There is no way to access or resolve them apart from reading this page. Entries are listed in alphabetical order of names.

名前

倀

説明

RC_BAD_VENV_CFG

107

A pyvenv.cfg was found but is corrupt.

RC_CREATE_PROCESS

101

Failed to launch Python.

RC_INSTALLING

111

An install was started, but the command will need to be re-run after it completes.

RC_INTERNAL_ERROR

109

Unexpected error. Please report a bug.

RC_NO_COMMANDLINE

108

Unable to obtain command line from the operating system.

RC_NO_PYTHON

103

Unable to locate the requested version.

RC_NO_VENV_CFG

106

A pyvenv.cfg was required but not found.