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Smallest subarray with k distinct numbers

Difficulty Level : Medium
Last Updated : 28 Sep, 2020

We are given an array consisting of n integers and an integer k. We need to find the minimum range in array [l, r] (both l and r are inclusive) such that there are exactly k different numbers.
Examples:

Input : arr[] = { 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5} 
            k = 3
Output : 5 7

Input : arr[] = { 1, 2, 2, 3} 
            k = 2
Output : 0 1

A simple solution is to use two nested loops. The outer loop is used to pick a starting point and the inner loop is used to pick an ending point. For every pair of starting-ending points, we count distinct elements in it and update the result if the current window is smaller. We use hashing to count distinct elements in a range.

C++

// C++ program to find minimum range that
// contains exactly k distinct numbers.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Prints the minimum range that contains exactly
// k distinct numbers.
void minRange(int arr[], int n, int k)
{
    int l = 0, r = n;
 
    // Consider every element as starting
    // point.
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 
        // Find the smallest window starting
        // with arr[i] and containing exactly
        // k distinct elements.
        unordered_set<int> s;
        int j;
        for (j = i; j < n; j++) {
            s.insert(arr[j]);
            if (s.size() == k) {
                if ((j - i) < (r - l)) {
                    r = j;
                    l = i;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // There are less than k distinct elements
        // now, so no need to continue.
        if (j == n)
            break;
    }
 
    // If there was no window with k distinct
    // elements (k is greater than total distinct
    // elements)
    if (l == 0 && r == n)
        cout << "Invalid k";
    else
        cout << l << " " << r;
}
 
// Driver code for above function.
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    int k = 3;
    minRange(arr, n, k);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find minimum 
// range that contains exactly 
// k distinct numbers.
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG 
{
     
// Prints the minimum range 
// that contains exactly k 
// distinct numbers.
static void minRange(int arr[], 
                     int n, int k)
{
    int l = 0, r = n;
 
    // Consider every element 
    // as starting point.
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
 
        // Find the smallest window 
        // starting with arr[i] and 
        // containing exactly k 
        // distinct elements.
        Set<Integer> s = new HashSet<Integer>();
        int j;
        for (j = i; j < n; j++) 
        {
            s.add(arr[j]);
            if (s.size() == k) 
            {
                if ((j - i) < (r - l))
                {
                    r = j;
                    l = i;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // There are less than k 
        // distinct elements now, 
        // so no need to continue.
        if (j == n)
            break;
    }
 
    // If there was no window 
    // with k distinct elements 
    // (k is greater than total 
    // distinct elements)
    if (l == 0 && r == n)
        System.out.println("Invalid k");
    else
        System.out.println(l + " " + r);
}
 
// Driver code 
public static void main(String args[])
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    int n = arr.length;
    int k = 3;
    minRange(arr, n, k);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed 
// by Kirti_Mangal

Python 3

# Python 3 program to find minimum range 
# that contains exactly k distinct numbers.
 
# Prints the minimum range that contains 
# exactly k distinct numbers.
def minRange(arr, n, k):
 
    l = 0
    r = n
 
    # Consider every element as 
    # starting point.
    for i in range(n):
 
        # Find the smallest window starting
        # with arr[i] and containing exactly
        # k distinct elements.
        s = []
        for j in range(i, n) :
            s.append(arr[j])
            if (len(s) == k):
                if ((j - i) < (r - l)) :
                    r = j
                    l = i
                 
                break
 
        # There are less than k distinct 
        # elements now, so no need to continue.
        if (j == n):
            break
 
    # If there was no window with k distinct
    # elements (k is greater than total 
    # distinct elements)
    if (l == 0 and r == n):
        print("Invalid k")
    else:
        print(l, r)
 
# Driver code 
if __name__ == "__main__":
     
    arr = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
    n = len(arr)
    k = 3
    minRange(arr, n, k)
 
# This code is contributed 
# by ChitraNayal

C#

// C#  program to find minimum  
// range that contains exactly  
// k distinct numbers. 
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
public class GFG
{
 
// Prints the minimum range  
// that contains exactly k  
// distinct numbers. 
public static void minRange(int[] arr, int n, int k)
{
    int l = 0, r = n;
 
    // Consider every element  
    // as starting point. 
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
 
        // Find the smallest window  
        // starting with arr[i] and  
        // containing exactly k  
        // distinct elements. 
        ISet<int> s = new HashSet<int>();
        int j;
        for (j = i; j < n; j++)
        {
            s.Add(arr[j]);
            if (s.Count == k)
            {
                if ((j - i) < (r - l))
                {
                    r = j;
                    l = i;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // There are less than k  
        // distinct elements now,  
        // so no need to continue. 
        if (j == n)
        {
            break;
        }
    }
 
    // If there was no window  
    // with k distinct elements  
    // (k is greater than total  
    // distinct elements) 
    if (l == 0 && r == n)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Invalid k");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine(l + " " + r);
    }
}
 
// Driver code  
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
    int[] arr = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    int n = arr.Length;
    int k = 3;
    minRange(arr, n, k);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Shrikant13

Output:

0 2

Time Complexity : O(n²)
Optimization over the above simple solution. The idea is to remove repetitions on the left side after we find k distinct elements.

C++

// C++ program to find minimum range that
// contains exactly k distinct numbers.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// prints the minimum range that contains exactly
// k distinct numbers.
void minRange(int arr[], int n, int k)
{
    // Initially left and right side is -1 and -1,
    // number of distinct elements are zero and
    // range is n.
    int l = 0, r = n;
 
    int j = -1; // Initialize right side
    map<int, int> hm;
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
    {
        while (j < n)
        {
            // increment right side.
            j++;
 
            // if number of distinct elements less
            // than k.
            if (hm.size() < k)
                hm[arr[j]]++;
 
            // if distinct elements are equal to k
            // and length is less than previous length.
            if (hm.size() == k && ((r - l) >= (j - i)))
            {
                l = i;
                r = j;
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // if number of distinct elements less
        // than k, then break.
        if (hm.size() < k)
            break;
 
        // if distinct elements equals to k then
        // try to increment left side.
        while (hm.size() == k)
        {
 
            if (hm[arr[i]] == 1)
                hm.erase(arr[i]);
            else
                hm[arr[i]]--;
 
            // increment left side.
            i++;
 
            // it is same as explained in above loop.
            if (hm.size() == k && (r - l) >= (j - i))
            {
                l = i;
                r = j;
            }
        }
        if (hm[arr[i]] == 1)
            hm.erase(arr[i]);
        else
            hm[arr[i]]--;
    }
 
    if (l == 0 && r == n)
        cout << "Invalid k" << endl;
    else
        cout << l << " " << r << endl;
}
 
// Driver code for above function.
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    int k = 3;
    minRange(arr, n, k);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find minimum range that
// contains exactly k distinct numbers.
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG{
     
// Prints the minimum range that contains exactly
// k distinct numbers.
static void minRange(int arr[], int n, int k)
{
     
    // Initially left and right side is -1 and -1,
    // number of distinct elements are zero and
    // range is n.
    int l = 0, r = n;
     
    // Initialize right side
    int j = -1; 
     
    HashMap<Integer, Integer> hm = new HashMap<>();
     
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        while (j < n)
        {
             
            // Increment right side.
            j++;
 
            // If number of distinct elements less
            // than k.
            if (j < n && hm.size() < k)
                hm.put(arr[j],
                       hm.getOrDefault(arr[j], 0) + 1);
 
            // If distinct elements are equal to k
            // and length is less than previous length.
            if (hm.size() == k && 
                 ((r - l) >= (j - i)))
            {
                l = i;
                r = j;
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // If number of distinct elements less
        // than k, then break.
        if (hm.size() < k)
            break;
 
        // If distinct elements equals to k then
        // try to increment left side.
        while (hm.size() == k)
        {
            if (hm.getOrDefault(arr[i], 0) == 1)
                hm.remove(arr[i]);
            else
                hm.put(arr[i],
                       hm.getOrDefault(arr[i], 0) - 1);
 
            // Increment left side.
            i++;
 
            // It is same as explained in above loop.
            if (hm.size() == k &&
                  (r - l) >= (j - i)) 
            {
                l = i;
                r = j;
            }
        }
        if (hm.getOrDefault(arr[i], 0) == 1)
            hm.remove(arr[i]);
        else
            hm.put(arr[i],
                hm.getOrDefault(arr[i], 0) - 1);
    }
 
    if (l == 0 && r == n)
        System.out.println("Invalid k");
    else
        System.out.println(l + " " + r);
}
 
// Driver code 
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 };
    int n = arr.length;
    int k = 3;
     
    minRange(arr, n, k);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by jrishabh99

Python3

# Python3 program to find the minimum range 
# that contains exactly k distinct numbers. 
from collections import defaultdict
 
# Prints the minimum range that contains 
# exactly k distinct numbers. 
def minRange(arr, n, k): 
  
    # Initially left and right side is -1 
    # and -1, number of distinct elements 
    # are zero and range is n. 
    l, r = 0, n 
    i = 0
    j = -1 # Initialize right side 
     
    hm = defaultdict(lambda:0) 
    while i < n: 
      
        while j < n: 
          
            # increment right side. 
            j += 1
   
            # if number of distinct elements less than k. 
            if len(hm) < k and j < n:
                hm[arr[j]] += 1
   
            # if distinct elements are equal to k 
            # and length is less than previous length. 
            if len(hm) == k and ((r - l) >= (j - i)): 
              
                l, r = i, j 
                break
   
        # if number of distinct elements less 
        # than k, then break. 
        if len(hm) < k:
            break
   
        # if distinct elements equals to k then 
        # try to increment left side. 
        while len(hm) == k: 
   
            if hm[arr[i]] == 1: 
                del(hm[arr[i]]) 
            else:
                hm[arr[i]] -= 1
   
            # increment left side. 
            i += 1
   
            # it is same as explained in above loop. 
            if len(hm) == k and (r - l) >= (j - i): 
              
                l, r = i, j 
          
        if hm[arr[i]] == 1: 
            del(hm[arr[i]]) 
        else:
            hm[arr[i]] -= 1
             
        i += 1
   
    if l == 0 and r == n:
        print("Invalid k") 
    else:
        print(l, r) 
  
# Driver code for above function. 
if __name__ == "__main__": 
  
    arr = [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5]  
    n = len(arr) 
    k = 3
    minRange(arr, n, k) 
     
# This code is contributed by Rituraj Jain 

C#

// C# program to find minimum 
// range that contains exactly 
// k distinct numbers.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
class GFG{
     
// Prints the minimum 
// range that contains exactly
// k distinct numbers.
static void minRange(int []arr, 
                     int n, int k)
{
  // Initially left and 
  // right side is -1 and -1,
  // number of distinct 
  // elements are zero and
  // range is n.
  int l = 0, r = n;
 
  // Initialize right side
  int j = -1; 
 
  Dictionary<int, 
             int> hm = new Dictionary<int, 
                                      int>();
 
  for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  {
    while (j < n)
    {
      // Increment right side.
      j++;
 
      // If number of distinct elements less
      // than k.
      if (j < n && hm.Count < k)
        if(hm.ContainsKey(arr[j]))
          hm[arr[j]] = hm[arr[j]] + 1;
      else
        hm.Add(arr[j], 1);
 
      // If distinct elements are equal to k
      // and length is less than previous length.
      if (hm.Count == k && 
         ((r - l) >= (j - i)))
      {
        l = i;
        r = j;
        break;
      }
    }
 
    // If number of distinct elements less
    // than k, then break.
    if (hm.Count < k)
      break;
 
    // If distinct elements equals to k then
    // try to increment left side.
    while (hm.Count == k)
    {
      if (hm.ContainsKey(arr[i]) &&  
          hm[arr[i]] == 1)
        hm.Remove(arr[i]);
      else
      {
        if(hm.ContainsKey(arr[i]))
          hm[arr[i]] = hm[arr[i]] - 1;
      }
 
      // Increment left side.
      i++;
 
      // It is same as explained in above loop.
      if (hm.Count == k &&
         (r - l) >= (j - i)) 
      {
        l = i;
        r = j;
      }
    }
    if (hm.ContainsKey(arr[i]) &&  
        hm[arr[i]] == 1)
      hm.Remove(arr[i]);
    else
      if(hm.ContainsKey(arr[i]))
        hm[arr[i]] = hm[arr[i]] - 1;
  }
 
  if (l == 0 && r == n)
    Console.WriteLine("Invalid k");
  else
    Console.WriteLine(l + " " + r);
}
 
// Driver code 
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
  int []arr = {1, 1, 2, 2, 
               3, 3, 4, 5};
  int n = arr.Length;
  int k = 3;
  minRange(arr, n, k);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by shikhasingrajput

Output:

5 7

Time complexity of this solution is O(n). In every nested iteration, we either add an element or remove an element. Every element is inserted and removed at most once.
This article is contributed by Pawan Asipu. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
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