
ăŹă¸ăŞă¨ăłăšăăăŽĺ 㸠â 泼ăăăăăăŞăćăżçśăăçˇăŽă夹ćăŽăăŤăŠă
1. ĺĺ°ăŻăĺ 塹ăă¨ăčŚĺžă
ĺăćŁăăćšĺă¸ĺ°ăăä¸ĺą¤ăŽĺşç¤ă
ćŻăčżăă°ăç§ăŽäşşçăŻćąşăăŚä¸ç´çˇă§ăŻăăăžăăă§ăăă ăŹăšăŞăłă°ăă大ç¸ć˛ă¸ăăăăŤçŤśćăŽä¸çăé˘ăăăžăćťăăĺ¤ăăčŚăă°é ĺăăŤć ăé¸ćăŽéŁçśă ăŁăăăăăăžăăă
ăăăăăăŽăăšăŚăŽĺĺ°ăŤăăŁăăăŽăăăăžăă ăăăăĺ 塹ăă¨ăčŚĺžăă§ăă
ç§ăŻ10䝣ăé¸ä¸čŞčĄéĺ°ĺš´ĺˇĽç§ĺŚć ĄďźçžăťéŤç塼ç§ĺŚć Ąďźă§éăăăžăăă čŞčĄéă¨ăăč¨čăăăĺłăăčťéćč˛ăć šć§čŤăćă澎ăăšăäşşăăăă§ăăăă確ăăŤč¨çˇ´ăŻĺłăăăăŽă§ăăăăăăăăăăŤăăŁăăŽăŻçä¸ĺ°˝ăŞĺźˇĺśă§ăŻăăăžăăă§ăăă
č¨çˇ´ăŽä¸ĺżăŤăăŁăăŽăŻăĺ 塹ăââčŞĺăĺžăăĺă§ăă
ćĺłăŽăŞăçĄčśăŞč˛ čˇă課ăăă¨ăŻăăŞăăçŽçăéćăăăăăŤăä˝ăĺż čŚăăç§ĺŚçăŤčăăăĺă ăŽçšć§ăčŚćĽľăăéŠćăéŠćăŤé 罎ăăć大ăŽććăĺźăĺşăă ăăŽčăćšăŻăĺžăŤç§ăăšăăźăćĺ°ăäźćĽç 俎ăŤćşăăä¸ă§ä˝ĺşŚăćăĺşăĺçšă¨ăŞăăžăăă
ĺłăăăŻăăăžăăăéŁĺ¸Żč˛ŹäťťăăăăžăăăčĽăăăŚĺš´éˇč ăććŽăăçŤĺ ´ăŤçŤă¤ăă¨ăăăăžăăă
ăăăăăăăăŻćć çăŞçľąĺśă§ăŻăŞăăçľçšă¨ăăŚćŠč˝ăăăăăŽčŚĺžă§ăăăčŚĺžă¨ăŻăäşşăç¸ăăăŽă§ăŻăŞăăĺăćŁăăćšĺă¸ĺ°ăć çľăżăŞăŽă ă¨ăç§ăŻăăă§ĺŚăłăžăăă
ăä¸ăăăăçŽć¨ăăĺšăŁăĺ 塹ĺż
ăŹăšăŞăłă°ă¨ăŽĺşäźăăăžăăăăŽç°ĺ˘ăŽä¸ăŤăăăžăăă
18ćłă§ĺ˝ä˝ĺ°ĺš´ăŽé¨ăĺśăăăŞăŞăłăăăŻĺşĺ ´ăŽĺŻč˝ć§čŚăăä˝ç˝ŽăŤăăžăăăćĺ°ăăŚăă ăăŁăćé¨ĺŠćăŽăă¨ă§ăŽăăŹăźăăłă°ăŻĺłăăăăŽă§ăăăăćąşăăŚçä¸ĺ°˝ă§ăŻăăăžăăă§ăăăçŽć¨ăăéçŽăăăăçăŤăăŞăŁăăĄăăĽăźă§ăăă
ç§ăŻăŹăšăŞăłă°ăčŞăĺżéĄăăŚĺ§ăăăăă§ăŻăăăžăăăä¸ăăăăçŽć¨ă§ăăă
ăăăăçăŤăăŞăŁăçŽć¨ă¨ăăŹăźăăłă°ăŻăäşşăç´ĺžăăăžăăç´ĺžăŻçśçśăçăżăçśçśăŻĺăŤăŞăăžăăăăŽććăŤĺšăăăĺ 塹ĺżăŻăăăŽĺžăŠăăŞç°ĺ˘ăŤčşŤă罎ăăŚăćşăăăă¨ăŽăŞăčŻăŤăŞăăžăăă
ăă ăăĺžăŤç§ăŻć°ăĽăăžăăăä¸ăăăăçŽć¨ăă¨ăčŞăčŚă¤ăăçŽć¨ăăŻéăăŽă ă¨ăăăă¨ăŤă
ăăŽć°ăĽăăŻĺ¤§ç¸ć˛ă¨ăŽĺşäźăăŤăăŁăŚč¨ŞăăăŽă§ăăăăă䝼ĺăŤç§ăŽä¸ăŤăŻăă§ăŤĺĺ°ăăăăžăăăĺ 塹ă¨ăăĺĺ°ăăăŁăăăăăăćšĺ蝢ćăăććŚăĺŻč˝ă ăŁăăŽă§ăă
äťĺžă¨ăăĺĺ°ăŽä¸ăŤăčŞĺžăçŻă
礞äźăŤĺşăŚăăăç§ăŻăäťäşăŽĺşćŹăăćšăăŚč¨čŞĺăăćŠäźăĺžăžăăăăăăŻä¸ă¤ăŽčŚç´ ăŤć´çă§ăăžăă
čŚĺžăăăă¸ăĄăłăăľă¤ăŻăŤăăăźă ăŻăźăŻă
ă¨ăăăéčŚăŞăŽăăčŚĺžăă§ăăčŚĺžăŤăŻäşă¤ăŽĺ´é˘ăăăăžăăăäťĺžăă¨ăčŞĺžăă§ăă
äťĺžďź äťč ăŽććăć示ăçč§Łăăăăăĺăĺ Ľăăăă¨ăç˛çŽçăŤĺžăăă¨ă§ăŻăŞăăçč§Łăăç´ĺžăăĺŽčĄăăăă¨ă
čŞĺžďź čŞăčăăĺăăă¨ăăăăŤăŻć揲ăćčăčĄĺă¨ăă掾éăăăă
ĺ¤ăăŽäşşăŻăčŞĺžăăăćăéčŚă ă¨čăăžăăăăăăĺĺ°ăŽăŞăčŞĺžăŻĺăŞăçŹăăăăă§ăă
ăžăăŻç°ĺ˘ăĺăĺ Ľăăä¸ăăăă彚ĺ˛ăçč§Łăăăă¨ăăăŽä¸ăŤăčŞăăŽćĺżăéăăŚăăăäťĺžăĺĺ°ă¨ăŞăăăăŽä¸ăŤčŞĺžăçŻăăăăăăăŻăĺ°ĺš´ĺˇĽç§ĺŚć Ąć䝣ăŤĺŚăă çľçščŚĺžă¨ĺăć§é ă§ăăă
ç§ă大ç¸ć˛ă§ă¤ăžăăăĺĺ ăŽä¸ă¤ăŻăăăŽäťĺžăĺĺă§ăŞăăŁăăă¨ăŤăăăžăăčŞĺăŽĺăçşćŽăă䝼ĺăŤăç°ĺ˘ăćŁăăĺăĺ Ľăăăă¨ăă§ăăŚăăŞăăŁăăŽă§ăă
ĺ 塹ă¨ăŻăçĄçăăăăă¨ă§ăŻăăăžăăăčŚĺžă¨ăŻăç¸ăăăăă¨ă§ăŻăăăžăăăăăăŻăčŞĺăć´ăăĺăć大ĺăăăăăŽĺşç¤ă§ăă
é ĺăăŤčŚăăç§ăŽćŠăżăŻăăăŽĺĺ°ăăăŁăăăăăăăăšăŚăćĺłăćăĄăžăăă
čŞĺăĺžăăĺ
ç°ĺ˘ăĺăĺ Ľăăĺ
ăăŽä¸ă§čŞăăĺăăĺ
ăăŽä¸ĺą¤ć§é ăăăăç§ăćŻăçśăăŚăăĺĺ°ăŞăŽă§ăă
2. 夹ćăăĺŚăă ăćŹčłŞă
ćčăŽä¸ćşăŤéă売ăăŞăăĺššďźćŹčłŞďźăăčŚĺ¤ąăŁă䝣ĺ
ç§ăŽäşşçć大ăŽćŤćăŻă大ç¸ć˛ăăăŽčąčľ°ă§ăăă
ăŞăŞăłăăăŻăçŽćăăŚăăăŹăšăŞăłă°ăčžăăčŞăăăăăăăă¨ćăŁăŚéŁăłčžźăă ä¸çă§ăăăăŽććŚăăăăăä¸ĺš´čśłăăă§çľăăăăăăčŞăéăăă¨ăăććŞăŽĺ˝˘ă§ĺšăĺźăăă¨ăŤăŞăăžăăă
ăŞăăăăŽăăăŞçľćŤăŤăŞăŁăŚăăžăŁăăŽăăäťăŞăăŻăŁăăč¨ăăžăăç§ăŻăĺéĄăŽćŹčłŞăăčŚĺ¤ąăŁăŚăăžăăă
ç§ăŽçŽć¨ăŻć確ă§ăăăçŞäťăä¸ăăĺ严䝼ä¸ăŤćé˛ăăăă¨ă ăăŽăăăŤĺż čŚăŞăă¨ăć確ă§ăăă誰ăăă稽ĺ¤ăăăçľćăĺşăăă¨ă
ăăăç§ăŻăăăŽć ¸ĺżăăçŽăé¸ăăăŚăăžăŁăăŽă§ăă
茪ćšăŽĺźĺă¸ăŽćĽăćšăŤçĺăćąăăĺżăäšąăăćć ăŤćŻăĺăăăčŞĺăŽç¨˝ĺ¤ăŤéä¸ă§ăăŞăăŞăăžăăăç¸ć˛é¨ĺąăŻç䟟厜ćăŽăăăŞĺ ąĺä˝ă§ăă茪ćšăŤăŻčŚŞćšăŽçŤĺ ´ăăăăčăăăăŁăăŻăă§ăăăăčĄăéăăăăă¨ćăăăŞăăç¸čŤă¨ăăćšćłăăăŁăă§ăăăă
ăăăŤăăăăăăăç§ăŻčŞĺăŽçŽć¨ăăăăçŽăŽĺăŽćć ăĺŞĺ ăăŚăăžăŁăă
ćčăŤă¨ăăăăĺššăčŚĺ¤ąăŁăăŽă§ăă
ä¸ćşăŤă¨ăăŤăŽăźă使ăăăăăŠăźăăłăšăč˝ă¨ăćŹćŤčť˘ĺ
ăŠăăŞçľçšăŤăăä¸ćşăŻăăăžăăä¸ĺ¸ăćĺ°č ăŤç´ĺžă§ăăŞăăă¨ăăăă§ăăăă
ăăăăćŹćĽăŽçŽçăŻä˝ăŞăŽăăäťäşă§ććăĺşăăă¨ă獜ćă§çľćăćŽăăă¨ăăăăćŹčłŞă§ăă
ä¸ćşăŤă¨ăăŤăŽăźă使ăăčŞăăŽăăăŠăźăăłăšăč˝ă¨ăăŚăăžăă°ăćŹćŤčť˘ĺă§ăăç§ăŻăžăăŤăăăä˝çžăăŚăăžăăžăăăăăŽă¨ăç§ăĺăĺăăšăă ăŁăăŽăŻă茪ćšă§ăŻăŞăăčŞĺăŽç¨˝ĺ¤ă§ăăăćć ă§ăŻăŞăăçŞäťă§ăăă
大ç¸ć˛ăŻăç§ăă˘ăšăŞăźăă¨ăăŚĺŻä¸ăčŞĺăăé¸ćăăä¸çăă§ăăăăăă ăăŤăćăăŻćˇąăćŽăŁăŚăăžăă
ć°ăŤĺ ĽăŁăŚăăĺčĄĺăéŚçłăăä¸ăŤĺşăăŞăăŁăăă¨ăćŹĺ ´ćă§ă叏ććĺşčşŤăă¨ç´šäťăăŚăăăăăăŁăăŽăŤĺśăăŞăăŁăăă¨ăčŞĺăŽĺŽĺăăŠăăžă§éç¨ăăăŽăăčŚćĽľăăĺăŤçľăăŁăŚăăžăŁăăă¨ăăăăăŻäťă§ăč¸ăŽĺĽĽăŤćŽăŁăŚăăžăă
čžăăç´ĺžăŻăç¸ć˛ä¸çśăăčŚăăăžăăă§ăăăăăăăä¸ćč°ă¨ăćťăŤăăăă¨ăžă§ăŻćăăŞăăŁăăä˝ăăŞăăŞăŁăă¨ăăçĄĺćăŽä¸ă§ăăçăăŚăăăŞăăă°ăŞăăŞăăă¨ăăćčŚă ăăŻćŽăŁăŚăăžăăă
čŚçšă誤ăă°ăćŁăăĺŞĺăéăĺ¤ăă
ăăŽćŤćăŻăééăăŞăç§ăŽäşşçć大ăŽĺ¤ąćă§ăăăăăĺćăŤăćă大ăăŞĺŚăłă§ăăăăžăăă
ĺéĄăŽćŹčłŞăčŚĺŽăăăă¨
ćć ă¨çŽć¨ăĺăĺăăăă¨
ćčă§ăŻăŞăăĺššăčŚăăă¨
äşşăŻăćŁăăçŽć¨ăćăŁăŚăăŚăăćŁăăĺŞĺăăăŚăăŚăăčŚçšă誤ăă°ç°ĄĺăŤéăĺ¤ăăžăă
夹ćăŻćśăăžăăăĺžćăĺŽĺ ¨ăŤăŻăŞăăŞăăžăăăăăăăćŹčłŞăčŚćăĺăŻă夹ćăŽä¸ăăăă磨ăăăŞăăŽă ă¨ćăăžăă大ç¸ć˛ă§ăŽćŤćăŻăç§ăŤăăŽĺăćăăŚăăăžăăă
ăăăŚăăăŽăŠăĺşăăăç§ăŻăăä¸ĺşŚçŤăĄä¸ăăăă¨ăŤăŞăăžăă
3. ăăăŁăďźăă¨ăă§ăăďźăăŽéă
ăéăăŞăčŞĺăăĺăćťăă2ĺš´é
1987ĺš´6ćăç§ăŻăčŞĺă§çč¨ăçŤăŚăŞăăăŤăăźă2ĺš´éăăĺăăă¨ăăçŽć¨ăéćăăžăăă
ăŹăšăŞăłă°ăă大ç¸ć˛ăăä¸éĺ獯ăŤçľăăăăŚăăç§ăŤă¨ăŁăŚăĺăăŚăŽăăăéăăçľé¨ăă§ăăăăăŽä˝é¨ăŻăäťă§ăç§ăŽä¸ăŤĺźˇăćŽăŁăŚăăžăă
ăăŽă¨ăč¸ăŤăăŁăăŽăŻăăăăŁăăă¨ăăćčŚă§ăăăăăŽăăăŁăăă¨ăăćčŚăŻăčŞĺă§ćąşăăăă¨ăăčŞĺăŽč˛Źäťťă§ăăĺăŁăă¨ăăŤĺžăăăăăŽă§ăă
čŞĺă§ĺăăçć´ťăćăçŤăăăŞăă獜ćăçśăăăă¨ăŻç°Ąĺă§ăŻăăăžăăă§ăăăăăăç§ăŽçŽć¨ăŻă獜ćă§çľćăĺşăăă¨ă§ăŻăŞăăă2ĺš´éçśăĺăăă¨ăă§ăăăă¤ăžăç§ăŻăâââçśçśâăăŽăăŽăă´ăźăŤăŤăăŚăăăŽă§ăă
ăăăŻă匼ĺ˝ăŞçŽć¨ă§ăăăăăăžă§ăŽç§ăŻăćĺžăžă§ăăĺăŁăçľé¨ăăťă¨ăăŠăŞăăŁăăăă§ăă
ăžăăŻéăăŞăăă¨ăćăĺşăăŞăăă¨ăčŞĺă§ćąşăăćéăăăĺăăă¨ăăăăăĺ˝ćăŽç§ăŤă¨ăŁăŚćăĺż čŚăŞčŞ˛éĄă§ăăăăăăŚăăŽéćăŻă確ăăŞčŞäżĄăŤăŞăăžăăă
ăŞăšăŻăčč˛ ăăć ăčś ăăč ă ăăć´ăăă確俥ă
ăăăăĺžăŤăŞăŁăŚć°ăĽăăžăăăăăŁăăăŽăăăŤä¸ăŤăăăä¸ćŽľéăŽćčŚăăăăă¨ăŤă
ăăăăăă§ăăăă§ăă
ăăăŁăăďź ăăĺăŁăă¨ăăéććă
ăă§ăăăďź ăŞăšăŻăčč˛ ăăććŚăăçŽć¨ăčś ăăă¨ăăŤĺžăăăĺŽćă
çśçśăŻéčŚă§ăăăăăăçśçśă ăă§ăŻčśăăăăŞăĺŁăăăăžăăčŞĺăŽéçăŤč¸ăżčžźăżă夹ćăŽĺŻč˝ć§ăĺźăĺăăăăă§ăććŚăăĺ ăŤăăăŽăăă§ăăăă¨ăăćčŚă§ăă
ç§ăŽăŤăăźććŚăŻăĺććŚă§ăŻăăăžăăăăäşşçăčłăăăŞăšăŻăč˛ ăććŚă§ăŻăăăžăăă§ăăăă ăăăăăăăŁăăă§ăŻăăŁăŚăăăă§ăăăă¨ăžă§ăŻč¨ăăŞăăŁăăŽă§ăă
ăăŽéăăŻă獜ćăŤéăăžăăăĺ埡ă§ăăäťäşă§ăĺăă§ăă
1ăćă§ăăčŞĺă§ćąşăăăă¨ăçśăăă°ăăăŁăăă¨ăăčŞäżĄăŻĺžăăăžăăăăăăăăăŤä¸ćŠč¸ăżčžźăżăçľćă貏䝝ăčč˛ ăććŚăăăŚĺăăŚăăă§ăăăă¨ăă確俥ăŤĺ¤ăăăžăă
çśçśăŻă揥ăŽĺ¤§ăăŞććŚă¸ăŽćşĺćé
ç§ăŻăăŁăă獜ćçć´ťăĺźéăă礞äźäşşă¨ăăŚĺăéăé¸ăłăžăăăăăă§ăĺżăŽăŠăăă§ăăă§ăăăă¨ăăćčŚăćąăăŚăăăŽă ă¨ćăăžăă
ăăăŚç§ăŻăĺăłçŤśćăŽä¸çă¸ćťăăă¨ăŤăŞăăžăăăăŽĺ ăŤăăŞăŞăłăăăŻĺşĺ ´ă¨ăăçľćăĺž ăŁăŚăăžăăă
é ĺăăŽăăăŤčŚăăéă§ăăăăăŤăăźă§ăŽ2ĺš´éăăŞăăă°ăăăŽććŚăŤč¸ăżĺşăčŞäżĄăŻăŞăăŁăă§ăăăăäşşçăŻăăăăŞă大ăăŞććŚăăĺ§ăžăăăă§ăŻăăăžăăă
ăžăăŻăăăŁăăăçŠăżéăăăăăŽĺĺ°ăŽä¸ă§ăăă§ăăăăŤćăăçśçśăŻăććŚă¸ăŽćşĺă§ăă
ç§ăŤă¨ăŁăŚăŤăăźăŽ2ĺš´éăŻăăžăăŤăăŽćşĺćéă§ăăăéăăŞăčŞĺă確čŞăă揥ăŽăšăăźă¸ă¸é˛ăăăăŽĺşç¤ăĺşăăćéă ăŁăăŽă§ăă
ćŻăčżăă°ăăăŽéç¨ă§ĺşäźăŁăäşşăăĄăŽĺĺ¨ăăžăăç§ăćŻăăŚăăăžăăă
ćŻéąă横ćľăăć¸ç°ćźčĺ ´ăžă§čťă§éăŁăŚăăăč§ĺŽăăăĺ¤čśŁĺłă§čĄĺĺăŤăăľăăăăăŚč麌čˇäşşă¨ăăŚćĺăăăĺ§żăŻăă弽ăăŞăă¨ăŤćŹć°ă§ĺăĺăăçăćšăŽä¸äžă§ăăă
äźç¤žăéčˇă獜ćăé˘ăăĺžăćŻăçśăăŚăă ăăŁăç˛ćăăăćĺ°č ă¨ăăŚăŽćăŽćˇąăă¨äşşéçăŞć¸ŠăăăŻăç§ăŽĺ¤§ăăŞććŹă§ăăă2008ĺš´ăŤäťçăăăă¨ăăŽĺŞĺ¤ąćăŻăäťă§ăĺżăăăăžăăă
äşşăŻä¸äşşă§çśçśă§ăăăăă§ăŻăăăžăăăććŚăŽčćŻăŤăŻăĺż ă誰ăăŽćŻăăăăăžăă
ăăăŁăăă¨ăă§ăăăăăăŽäşă¤ăŽéăăçĽăŁăăă¨ăăç§ăŽăăŽĺžăŽććŚăăĺ§żĺ˘ă形ăĽăăăžăăă
çśçśăčŞäżĄăçăżăčŞäżĄăććŚăĺźăłăććŚă揥ăŽăšăăźă¸ăéăă
ç§ăŻăăăăăăăžăăŻăăăŁăăăçŠăżéăăŞăăăăă§ăăăă¨č¨ăăććŚăŤĺăăŁăŚćŠăżçśăăăă¨ćăăžăă
4. çŽć¨č¨č¨ă¨ĺăčś ăăććŚ
ćşĺĺăŤăăăăč¨çťăŽäşćŽľéă
äťäşă§ă獜ćă§ăăććă塌ĺłăăăŽăŻăč¨çťăă§ăăç§ăŻăăăăćşĺĺăă¨ĺźăă§ăăžăă
č¨çťăŤăŻăĺ¤ăăŞăäşă¤ăŽćŽľéăăăăžăă
çŽçăŽććĄ
çŽć¨ăŽč¨ĺŽ
ć ĺ ąăŽĺéăťĺŚç
čĄĺćšéďźăăćšďźăŽĺćă¨é¸ĺŽ
ćé ăŽç˘şĺŽ
ăăŽé çŞă§ćčăăăă¨ăé ĺşăéŁă°ăăŞăăă¨ăăăăăăŽćŽľéăŻĺĽĽă桹ăăç§ăŽäťäşăŽé˛ăćšăŤăă獜ćă¸ăŽĺăĺăćšăŤă大ăăŞĺ˝ąéżăä¸ăăžăăă
ă˘ăăăźăˇă§ăłăçśăăŞăäşşă¸ăçŽć¨ăéçăžă§ăć°éĺăăă
č¨çťăŽăŞăă§ă¨ăăăéčŚăŞăŽăăçŽć¨č¨ĺŽă§ăăçŽć¨ăŻĺ ˇä˝çă§ăć°éçă§ăŞăăă°ăŞăăžăăă
ĺ°ĺš´ĺˇĽç§ĺŚć Ą1ĺš´çăŽă¨ăăŤä¸ăăăăçŽć¨ăŻăăŞăŞăłăăăŻăŽéăĄăăŤăă§ăăă大äźăçšĺŽăăă°ćéăć確ă§ăăä¸ćšă§ăă埡ăăŞăăăăă¨ăăč¨čăŻéĄćă§ăăŁăŚăçŽć¨ă§ăŻăăăžăăă
ăžăăçŽć¨ăŻčŞĺžăŽăšăăăăŤăăăăć揲ăăçăżĺşăăžăăă˘ăăăźăˇă§ăłăçśăăŞăäşşăŻăăăŁă¨čżăăŤă´ăźăŤăč¨ĺŽăăă°ăăăŽă§ăă
äťćĽăŻăŠăăžă§ăăăŽăăĺĺä¸ăŤä˝ăçľăăăŽăăăăă§ĺĺă§ăăć ŁăăŚăăă°ă1éąéă1ăćă¨ăăĺä˝ă§ăŽçŽć¨ăčŞçśăŤćăăăăăŤăŞăăžăă
çŽçă¨çŽć¨ăŻăĺ ĽăćżăăŞăăĺč¨č¨ăă
ăăă§ăç§čŞčşŤăŽĺ¤ąćăćăăžăă2ĺš´éăŽăŤăăźććŚă§ăă
ćéăŻć確ă§ăăăăăăăăăŠăăžă§ĺ°éăăăŽăăă¨ăăăŹăăŤč¨ĺŽăćć§ă§ăăăéŁć庌ăĺŽăžăŁăŚăăŞăçŽć¨ă§ăŻă粞庌ăŽéŤăč¨çťăŻçŤăŚăăăžăăăĺ˝çśăçľćăŤăçľăłă¤ăăžăăă
ăă ăăçŽçăŻć確ă§ăăăăăăŻăäşşçăăăŠăăăŤćťăăăă¨ă ăšăăźăăŽçŽçăŻăĺă¤ăăă¨ă ăă§ăŻăăăžăăăĺ˝ćăŽç§ăŻăăŤăăźăéăăŚäşşçăçŤăŚç´ăăăăŁăăăăŽćĺłă§ăŻăçŽçăŻéćă§ăăăŽă§ăă
č¨çťăŽäşćŽľéăŻăĺşĺŽăăăăăŽă§ăŻăăăžăăăçŽć¨ăä¸ćŽľĺźăä¸ăăçŽçăŤćŽăç´ăăă¨ă§ăä¸éçŽć¨ăĺ ˇä˝çăŞćšćłăăăć確ăŤăŞăăă¨ăăăăžăă
ăă¨ăă°ćĺăŽč¨č¨ă§ăŻă
çŽçďźăă§ăăăă¨ăăćčŚăćăŤĺ Ľăăăă¨
çŽć¨ďź ăŤăăźă§ăŞăŞăłăăăŻĺşĺ ´
揥ăŽćčă§ăŻă
çŽçďź ăŞăŞăłăăăŻĺşĺ ´
çŽć¨ďź 䝣襨é¸čäźă§2ä˝äťĽĺ
ăăŽăăăŤćŽľéăä¸ăăŞăăĺč¨č¨ăăŚăăăžăă
čŞč ăŽä¸ăŤăŻăăăŞăŞăłăăăŻăŤĺşĺ ´ăăăŽăŻăăăšăŹăźă§ăŻďźăă¨ćăăăćšăăăă§ăăăăăăŽéăă§ăăç§ăŽäşşçăŻăăă¤ăä¸ç´çˇă§ăŻăăăžăăă§ăăă獜ć垊帰ăćăăăŚăăăžă 波䚹ăĺž ăĄĺăăŚăăăŽă§ăă
ĺ¨ĺ˛ă塝ăčžźăčŚćăăĺăčś ăăçŽć¨ăçžĺŽăŤăă
獜ćçć´ťăĺéăăăŽăŻ1990ĺš´6ćăăăăšăŹăźćĽćŹäťŁčĄ¨ăŤé¸ĺşăăăăŽă1991ĺš´9ćăăăăŚ1992ĺš´2ćăă˘ăŤăăźăŤăăŤăŞăŞăłăăăŻăŤĺşĺ ´ăăžăăă
ĺš´ćă ăăčż˝ăă°é 調ăŤčŚăăžăăăăăĺŽéăŻăăŤăăźă§ăćĽăŽä¸¸ăăčč˛ ăăă¨ăćĺżľăăćăčĄăăŽä¸ă§ĺşĺăŁăăăăšăŹăźăŤć´ťčˇŻăčŚĺşăăă¨ăăăŽăĺŽć ă§ăăçľćă¨ăăŚäťŁčĄ¨ăŤăŞăăăă ăăăŞăăăăĺŻč˝ă ăŁăăŽăă
ăćĽćŹäťŁčĄ¨ăăŻăĺ˝ćăŽç§ăŤă¨ăŁăŚĺăčś ăăçŽć¨ă§ăăăăăăç§ăŻă䝼ĺă¨ăŻéăŁăŚăăžăăăćŻăăăăăă¨ăăçŽć¨éćăŤĺż čŚăŞčŚç´ ă¨ăăŚĺăĺ ĽăăŚăăăŽă§ăă
ç 俎ăŽäťäşă¨ăŽĺşäźăăĺäşşăăăŹăźăăźăćĺąäźćĽăŽçč§Łăĺ¤ăăŽćŻăăăăăžăăăĺşäźăčŞä˝ăŻĺśçśăăăăăžăăăăăăăăăŽĺşäźăăĺźăĺŻăăĺăŻăčŞĺăŽĺ§żĺ˘ăŤăăŁăŚçăžăăăŽă ă¨ç§ăŻćăăŚăăžăă
ĺăčś ăăçŽć¨ăć˛ăăă¨ăăĺ¨ĺ˛ă¨ăŽé˘äżć§ăŤćăăčłăăăŠăăăăăăĺĺ˛çšă§ăă
獜ćçć´ťăŽĺžĺăç§ăŻç˘şăăŤăćĽăŽä¸¸ăăčč˛ ăăžăăăăăăŻĺäşşăŽĺŞĺăŽçľćśă§ăăă¨ĺćăŤăĺ¨ĺ˛ă¨ăŽé˘äżć§ăŽä¸ă§ĺŽçžăăçľćă§ăăăăžăăă
çŽć¨ăŻăčŞĺăŽĺ ĺ´ă ăă§ĺŽçľăăăăŽă§ăŻăăăžăăăč¨č¨ăŽç˛žĺşŚă¨ăäťč ă¨ăŽé˘ăăăăăŽä¸ĄčźŞăăăăŁăă¨ăăĺăčś ăăććŚăăçžĺŽăŤăŞăăžăăăăăŚç§ăŽäşşçăŻăăăŽĺžăăžăăăăă¤ăăŽăĺşäźăăăŤăăŁăŚĺ˝˘ăĽăăăăŚăăăă¨ăŤăŞăăžăă
5. ăźăçčŤă¨ăăŠăłăšćčŚ
äşşçăŽăăźăżăŤăŻăźăăćéˇăŽç¨ŽăŻăăšăŚăăă¤ăăšăŽĺ´ăăŤăă
ăŞăăăăŽććŚăŻăçľćăŞăźăŠă¤ăăŤçľăăŁăăŽăăćŻăčżăă¨ăăăŽć šĺşăŤăŻă26ćłăŽă¨ăăŤć¸ăćŽăăä¸ă¤ăŽčăćšăăăăžăăăç§ăŻĺ˝ćăăăč¨ăăŚăăžăă
ââăăźăżăŤăŻăźăă ă
äşşçăŤăŻă常ăŤăăŠăšă¨ăă¤ăăšăăăăććăĺăłă¨ăăŁăăăŠăšăĺŞĺăçŻĺśăčč¤ă¨ăăŁăăă¤ăăšă
ăŠăĄăăä¸ćšă ăăçśăăă¨ăŻăăăžăăăăăŠăłăšăĺ´Šăăă¨ăăäşşéé˘äżăĺŁăăăăčŞĺăŽä¸ăŤä¸ĺŽăĺăŁăăăăă
ă ăăăăăĺ ¨ä˝ă¨ăăŚăăźăăăŤĺăăćčŚăćă¤ăă¨ă大ĺă ă¨ă
ăăă§ăăăăŠăšăŻăĺăŞă嚸ăă§ăŻăăăžăăăçŽć¨éćăéăłăçăăŞăŠăĺ¤ăăŻçŹéçăŞăăŽă§ăăä¸ćšăŽăă¤ăăšăŻăĺŞĺă塼复ăçŻĺśă¨ăăŁăăéç¨ăăŤăăăăžăăéˇăćéă貝ăăăŽăŻăăăăăăĄăă§ăă
éčŚăŞăŽăŻăăăŠăšďźčŻăăă¨ăăă¤ăăšďźćŞăăă¨ăă¨ăăĺç´ăŞĺłĺźă§ăŻăŞăă¨ăăăă¨ă§ăă
äşşăŻčްă§ăăăšăăŹăšăč§Łćśăăăă¨ăăžăăĺéĄă辡辡ăăă°č§Łćąşăăăă¨ăăă芌ĺăăăă°ĺŞĺăçŻĺśăéăăăăăăăŚăźăăŤćťăăă¨ăăă
ăăăăćéˇăŽćşăŻăŠăăŤăăăŽăăăăăŻăă¤ăăšăŽĺ´ăŤăăăžăă
č˛ čˇăéżăăăŽă§ăŻăŞăăčŞăč˝ĺçăŤĺăĺăăăăăăă¨ăĺăĺşćĽäşă§ăĺăć˘ăćšăĺ¤ăăăžăăéˇăçŽă§čŚăă°ăĺŞĺăéăăŚăăčŞĺăčŻĺŽă§ăăçŹéăçăžăăăä˝čŁăçăžăăäťč ăŤăĺŻĺŽšăŤăŞăăă
ăźăă¨ăŻăćśčă§ăŻăŞăă垪ç°ăŞăŽă§ăă
čŞĺăŽć ăčś ăăăäťč ăŽĺăĺăĺăăăăŽăä¸äşşă§ĺŽçľăăŞăĺć°ă
ç§ăŻăăăŤăăăčăăžăăă大ăăŞçŽć¨ăéćăăăăăŤăŻăăăźăăăŤăăŠăłăŻăăăăă¨ă
čŞĺăŽĺŞĺă ăă§ć¸ çŽă§ăăçŽć¨ăăăăăăăăčŞĺăŽćăŚăăă¤ăăščŚç´ ââĺŞĺăĺżčăçĽćľââăăăšăŚĺĺĄăăŚăĺąăăŞăçŽć¨ăăăăăăŽă¨ăĺăăŚăäťč ăŽăăŠăšăĺăĺăăŞăăă°ăŞăăŞăă
ă¨ăăăăăăŠăłăšćčŚă埡ăćă¤äşşăťăŠăăăăčŚćă§ăăăčŞĺă§ä˝ă¨ăăăšăă ăă¨čăăŚăăžăăăă§ăăăăăŠăăĺăčś ăăçŽć¨ăć˛ăăăŞăăĺ¨ĺ˛ă¨ăŽé˘äżć§ăžă§čŚéăŤĺ ĽăăŞăăă°ăŞăăžăăă
ç§ă獜ć垊帰ăćąşćăăăăŁăăăŻăç 俎ăŽäťäşă¨ăŽĺşäźăă§ăăăăăăŤăŻăă§ăŤäťč ăŽĺĺ¨ăăăăžăăăăăăšăŹăźă¸ăŽććŚă§ăăĺäşşăăăŹăźăăźăäźç¤žăŞăŠăĺ¤ăăŽćŻăăăăăžăăă
䝼ĺăŽç§ăŞăăçľćăĺşăăă¨ăŤăćčŹăă ăăăăŚăăă§ăăăăăăăăăŽă¨ăăŻéăăžăăăçŽć¨éćăŤĺż čŚăŞčŚç´ ă¨ăăŚăčŞăĺ¨ĺ˛ă¨é˘ăăăă¨ăăŚăăăŽă§ăă
ăćĽćŹäťŁčĄ¨ăăŻă夹ćçśăă ăŁăç§ăŤă¨ăŁăŚćăăăŤĺăčś ăăçŽć¨ă§ăăăăăă§ăĺŽçžă§ăăć大ăŽççąăŻăĺ¨ĺ˛ăŽĺĺ¨ă§ăăćé¨ĺŠćăç˛ćăăăăŻăăăăăžăăžăŞĺşäźăăç§ăćŻăăŚăăăžăăă
ĺşäźăăăŽăăŽăŻĺśçśăăăăăžăăăăăăăăăŽĺşäźăăĺźăĺŻăăĺ§żĺ˘ăŻăčŞĺă§ă¤ăăăă¨ăă§ăăăç§ăŻăăăă獜ćäşşçăéăăŚä˝ćăăžăăă
ăźăçčŤă¨ăŻăĺŞĺă¨ććăĺç´ăŤĺˇŽăĺźăăăčăćšă§ăŻăăăžăăăăă¤ăăšăćăăăčŞĺăŽć ăčś ăăçŽć¨ăć˛ăăăăŽĺŽçžăŽăăăŤäťč ăŽĺăĺăĺăčŚćăćă¤ăă¨ă
ăăŠăłăšćčŚă¨ăŻăä¸äşşă§ĺŽçľăăăă¨ăăŞăĺć°ă§ăăăăŽă§ăăăăăŚç§ăŻăăăŽĺžăăžăăĺ¤ăăŽăĺşäźăăăŤăăŁăŚćŻăăăăŞăăă揥ăŽććŚă¸ă¨é˛ăă§ăăăă¨ăŤăŞăăžăă
6. ĺşäźăă¨ćčŹ
ä¸ćľă¨äşćľăĺăă塎ăăăăéăéăśăĺşäźăĺăăŽćŁä˝
ç§ăŽäşşçăćŻăčżăă¨ăăăŠăăăŚăĺ¤ăăŞăăăźăăăăăžăăăăăăĺşäźăăă§ăă
ăŹăšăŞăłă°ăéăăŚçăăćéă示ăăŚăăăćé¨ĺŠćăĺłă塌ăĺăăăŞăăŤăăźććŚăŽă¨ăăäťäşăŽćéăĺ˛ăăŚăžă§é˘ăăçśăăŚăăăç˛ćăăăăăŹăźăăłă°ă¨ăłăłăăŁăˇă§ăăłă°ăŽć°ăăä¸çăčŚăăŚăăăĺ¤č°ˇé˘éˇăăăŽćšă ăŻăç§ăŤă¨ăŁăŚĺ¸Ťĺ ă¨ĺźăśăšăĺĺ¨ă§ăă
ăăăŤă獜ćé˘äżč ă ăă§ăŞăăäťäşăç§çć´ťăéăăŚăăć°ăăăăŞăăťăŠĺ¤ăăŽäşşă¨ĺşäźăŁăŚăăžăăăăăăŚç§ăŻăăăŽĺşäźăăŤăăŁăŚä˝ĺşŚăćăăăćéˇăăŚăăžăăă
䝼ĺăăĺşäźăăŻĺśçśă ăăĺşäźăăĺźăĺŻăăĺăăăăă¨ć¸ăăžăăăă§ăŻăăăŽĺăŽćŁä˝ăŻä˝ă§ăăăăă
ĺžăŤăŞăŁăŚć°ăĽăăăŽăŻăä¸ćľă¨ĺźă°ăăäşşăăĄăŽçăćšăŤăŻă常ăŤăäťč ăăĺĺ¨ăăŚăăă¨ăăăă¨ă§ăăăč¨ăćăăă°ăăćčŹăă¨ăăćć ăčŞçśăŤăăăŽă§ăă
ç§ăŻăăăăćčŹăŻçľé¨ăăăăĺŚăšăŞăăă¨čŠąăăžăăç§ăŽçŤśćäşşçăŻĺ¤ąćăŽéŁçśă§ăăăăăăăăăŽăăłăŤčްăăŤćăăăŚăăăă ăăăăăćčŹăĺŚăśăă¨ăă§ăăžăăă
ăăăŚăćčŹăŽć°ćăĄăŻăăŠăšćčă¸ă¨ă¤ăŞăăăžăăčŞĺăŻăăŁă¨ćĺă§ăăă揥ăŻăăžăăăăăă俥ăăăăäşşăŻăéĺťăç°ĺ˘ăĺ¨ĺ˛ăŽäşşă ăŤĺŻžăăŚćčŹăćąăăŚăăäşşă§ăăăăŽăćčŹăăăăăĺşäźăăĺźăĺŻăăĺăŞăŽă§ăŻăŞăăă¨ç§ăŻćăŁăŚăăžăă
ä¸ćľă¨äşćľăĺăăăŽăŻăćč˝ă§ăŻăŞăăé˘ăăćšăăŽĺˇŽ
ç§ăŻăčŞĺăä¸ćľăŽă˘ăšăŞăźăă ăŁăă¨ăŻćăŁăŚăăžăăăăăă§ăćĽćŹäťŁčĄ¨ă¨ăăŚćľˇĺ¤é ĺžăçľé¨ăăăŞăŞăłăăăŻăŤĺşĺ ´ăăăăŽĺžăŻăăˇă§ăăŤăăźă ăŽăăăăłăźăăçŁçŁăăăăŤăŻăăăšăŹăźăŽĺźˇĺĺ§ĺĄéˇăĺăăžăăăăăăăăä¸ćľĺăă¨ăăŁăă¨ăăă§ăăăă
ăăă§ăäşćľă§çľăăăŞăăŁăççąăăăă¨ăăă°ăăăăéăéăă§ăăăŽăŻăĺ¨ăăŽäşşăă ă¨ĺăăŁăŚăăăă¨ă§ăă
ćĺă§ăăŞăäşşăĺŞĺăăăŚăăŞăăăă§ăŻăăăžăăăăăăăäşşä¸ĺĺŞĺăăŚăăäşşăĺ¤ăăăăăăčŞĺä¸äşşăŽĺă§çľćăĺşăăă¨ăăăăŚăăĺžĺăăăăžăă
ăŠăă ăĺŞĺăăŚăăä¸äşşă§ăŻéçăăăăćĺăŻăĺż ă誰ăă¨ăŽé˘ăăăŽä¸ă§çăžăăžăăä¸ćľă¨äşćľăĺăăăŽăŻăćč˝ăŽĺˇŽă§ăŻăŞăăĺ¨ĺ˛ă¨ăŽé˘ăăćšăŽĺˇŽăŞăŽăăăăăžăăă
ç§ăăăŽăă¨ă埡ăćčăăăăăŤăŞăŁăăăŁăăăŽä¸ă¤ăŻă弳ĺé¸ä¸çăŽăăăă˘ăšăŞăźăă¨é˘ăăä¸ă§čłăŤăăăćčŹăăŽč¨čă§ăăă大ăăŞććăĺşăăŚăăé¸ćăťăŠăĺ¨ĺ˛ă¸ăŽćčŹăĺ˝ăăĺăŽăăăŤĺŁăŤăăžăă
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