Hadriyan

Hadriyan, isem-is ummid Publius Aelius Hadrianus, d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n tmnekda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu seg 117 armi d 138 deffir Ɛisa, yerna yettwaḥseb gar « Semmus n Yimenkaden Yelhan » i yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṛuma.

D netta i d amenkad amezwaru i yeṭṭfen tamart-is s timmad, yerna d netta i yessnulfan tarrayt tamaynut n usefrek n tmnekda s usikel d usenqed n yal tamnaḍt.

Talalit d Tmeddurt-is Tamezwarut

Hadriyan ilul-d ass n 24 Yennayer 76 Send Ɛisa, deg temdint n Italika, i d-yezgan tama n Sevilla n wass-a, deg tmurt n Spanya.

Imawlan-is llan d Iṛumaniyen i d-yusan seg Ṛuma, maca nutni zedɣen deg tmurt n Spanya i d-yuɣalen d tamnaḍt taṛumanit. Baba-s, Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, yemmut mi yella Hadriyan meẓẓi, dɣa Trajan, i yellan d ameddakel n twacult-is, yuɣal d bab-s s usmemmi.

Deg tallit n temẓi-s, Hadriyan yelmed aṭas n tussniwin: tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit, tanzeggit, tasegda, d tsertit. Yella yettḥemmel idles Agrigi s waṭas, yerna yella yettusemma « Graeculus », anamek-is « Agrigi ameẓyan », acku yella yeɣṛa u iḥemmel idles n Grig.

Alluy-is ɣer Ukesi n Tmnekda

Mi yemmut Trajan deg 117, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad. Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d belli Trajan yeṭṭef-it d mmi-s n usmemmi deg wussan-is ineggura, maca llan wid i d-yennan belli tameṭṭut n Trajan, Plotina, i d-yefkan afus i Hadriyan akken ad yawi akersi n udabu.

Deg tazwara n udabu-s, Hadriyan yemmagar uguren imeqqranen. Kra n yiserdasen i yellan deg tmnaḍin n usamar llan bɣan ad kemmlen amgaru mgal n Partiyen, maca Hadriyan yefren ad yeḥbes amgaru yerna ad yerr tilisa n tmnekda ɣer waddad-nsent n zik. Yefren talwit ɣef umgaru, yerna yefka-as i tmnekda tarrayt tamaynut n tsertit: ur d-ternu ara tamurt, maca ḥrez tid i yellan.

Asuddes d Ufrek n Tmnekda

Hadriyan yella d amsefrek ameqqran. Yessenfel anagraw n tsertit n tmnekda s waṭas n tarrayin:

Asuddes n tserdast: Yessenfel tuddsa n yiserdasen, yefka-asen asluɣmu amaynut, yerna yebna iɣeṛban d yisunen n tɣellist deg yal tamnaḍt.

Asuddes n yisuḍaf: Yefka-d « Aṣaḍuf imezgi », d agraw n yisuḍaf i d-yessuddes Salvius Julianus. Aṣaḍuf-agi yuɣal d azadur n usaḍuf Aṛumani i d-yusan deffir-s.

Asuddes n tnedbelt: Yebḍa tamnekda ɣer tmnaḍin yettusefraken s wudem yelhan. Yefka-as i yimḍebbren n tmnaḍin tizemmar timeqqranin, maca yerna yessenqed-iten s tuɣalin-is yal tikkelt.

Asuddes n tedrimt: Yefka-as i tedrimt n tmnekda anagraw yelhan, yefren ad yesseɣli tiwsiwin ɣef yegduden, yerna yefka-as i yegduden n tmnaḍin tizemmar n tnezzut d umesni.

Isiklen-is deg Tmnekda

Hadriyan d amenkad i yessiklen aṭas deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Yekka azal n wazgen n wudabu-s, anamek-is azal n mraw n yiseggasen, deg usikel deg tmnaḍin n tmnekda. Ur yelli ara wamenkad nniḍen i yessiklen am netta.

Yerza ɣer Britanya, ɣer Galya, ɣer Spanya, ɣer Grig, ɣer Asya tameẓyant, ɣer Maṣer, ɣer Surya, ɣer tmnaḍin n usamar, yerna ɣer Tefriqt n ugafa. Deg yal tamnaḍt, yessenqed asuddes n tserdast, yefka-d isefka i yegduden, yerna yebna iṣenfaṛen n ifakanen.

Deg Grig, yefka-as i temdint n Atina azal d ameqqran: yebna din aṭas n yisaliyen, yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg Ṛuma, yerna yefka-as i tmurt-nsen tilelli deg kra n temsalin.

Iṣenfaṛen n Usali

Hadriyan yella d amesnulfu ameqqran deg taɣult n tsegda. Yebna aṭas n yisaliyen i d-yeqqimen armi d ass-a:

Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya

Deg 122, mi yerza ɣer Britanya, yefka-d anaḍ i usali n uɣrab ameqqran i yebḍan tamurt n Britanya ɣer sin. Aɣrab-agi yezga-d seg ilel ɣer wayeḍ, teɣzi-s tuweḍ ɣer 117 n yikilumitren.

Yebna-t usridas Aṛumani, yerna yella yesɛa iɣeṛban, tiɣeṛmin, d yisunen n tɣellist yal azal n mil. Iswi-s d aḥraz n tmnaḍt n Britanya mgal n yegduden n ugafa i yellan berra n tmnekda.

Taddart n Hadriyan deg Tivoli

Ger 118 d 130, Hadriyan yebna taddart-is tameqqrant tama n Tivoli, tama n Ṛuma. Taddart-agi d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda Taṛumanit. Tezga-d ɣef tjumma i yugaren tin n Pompei, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n yisaliyen: imezguten, tibḥirin, ifakanen, d yisunen n waman.

Deg-s yella « Kanopus », d asif n waman i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Maṣer, yerna yella « Pécile », d afakan ameqqran i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Atina.

Afakan n Panteon

Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n Panteon n Ṛuma deg talɣa-s n wass-a. Asali-agi yesɛa taqacuct tameqqrant n ubeṭon, i d-yeqqimen d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda n umaḍal.

Tayri-s d Antinus

Deg 127, Hadriyan yemlal d yiwen n umluzuf Agrigi isem-is Antinus, i yellan d ameẓyan n Bitinya, deg Asya tameẓyant.

Assaɣ-nsen yeddem azal n kraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 127 armi d 130.

Assaɣ-agi yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen yettwassnen n tayri deg umezruy n Ṛuma s wudem n tluzuft.

Deg tuber 130, Antinus yeɣli deg wasif n Nil deg Maṣer yerna yemmut.

Tamettant-is tḥuza Hadriyan s waṭas. Yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint isem-is Antinupulis deg wadeg ideg yemmut, yerna yefka-as i Antinus addad n ayuc(illu).

Aṭas n yisaliyen d yizmulen n Antinus i d-yettwaskren deg tmnekda meṛṛa, yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yettwaskren aṭas deg tsegda n Ṛuma.

Tagrawla n Bar Kuxba

Deg 132, teḍra-d yiwet seg tdyantin timeqqranen n udabu n Hadriyan: tagrawla n Bar Kuxba deg tmurt n Yahudiya.

Ssebba n tagrawla-agi d aṭas: Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint tamaynut isem-is Aelia Capitolina deg wadeg n Urcalim, yerna yefka-d anaḍ i ugdel n lextana.

Bar Kuxba, i yellan d amnukal n Yahudiyen, yekker-d mgal Ṛuma yerna yefka-d anaḍ i yegduden-is ad nnukren.

Tagrawla-agi teddem azal n tkraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 132 armi d 135.

Deg tazwara, Iyahudiyen ṭṭfen aṭas n tmnaḍin, ṭṭfen 985 n tuddar d 50 n yisunen n tɣellist.

Maca Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usirdes ameqqran, yerna yefka-as i yiserdasen-is anaḍ n usefsex n tagrawla. Deg taggara, Ṛuma terbeḥ, maca s tmettant n waṭas n yegduden: azal n 580 000 n Yahudiyen mmuten, yerna aṭas n tuddar ttwahuddent.

Tagrawla-agi d tin i d-yefkan taggara n tmurt n Yahudiya d tamurt tilellit, yerna aṭas n Yahudiyen ttwanfan seg tmurt-nsen.

Tameddurt-is Tussnant d Taseklanit

Hadriyan yella d amdan i yeḥemmlen tussna d tsekla. Yella yettaru isefra d yiḍrisen, yerna yella iḥemmel tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit. Yefka-d afus i yimassanen d yimyura n tallit-is, yerna yebna aṭas n tidumṣukin n tussna deg tmnekda meṛṛa.

Yella iḥemmel tamurt n Grig s waṭas, yerna yefka-as i yidles-is azal d ameqqran. Yefka-d afus i usali n tidumṣukin timaynuten deg Atina, yerna yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg tsertit n Ṛuma.

Tamettant d Wakud-is Aneggaru

Deg yiseggasen ineggura n tmeddurt-is, Hadriyan yella yuḍen. Yella yettqellib win ara t-id-yeṭṭfen deffir-s. Deg tazwara, yefren Lucius Verus, maca yemmut uqbel Hadriyan. Dɣa yefren Antoninus Pius, yerna yefka-as anaḍ i Antoninus ad yeṭṭef Marku Aureliyu d Lucius Verus deffir-s.

Hadriyan yemmut ass n 10 Yulyu 138 deg Baiae, tama n Napoli.

Yella yesɛa 62 n yiseggasen. Anṭunin Piyus yeṭṭef-it deffir-s, yerna yefka-as addad n ayuc(ṛebbi), ɣas ma llan kra n yimḍebbren n Ṛuma i yugin.