ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืืจืฅ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื–ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™.

ืึถืจึถืฅ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™
ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœืืืจืฅ
ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”*erets
ื—ืœืง ื“ื™ื‘ืจืฉืึพืขืฆื
ืžื™ืŸื ืงื‘ื”
ืฉื•ืจืฉืึพืจึพืฅ
ื“ืจืš ืชืฆื•ืจื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืงึถื˜ึถืœ
ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชืจ': ืึฒืจึธืฆื•ึนืช, ื "ื™: ืึถืจึถืฅึพ, ื "ืจ: ืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึนืชึพ, ื›': ืึทืจึฐืฆึดื™, ืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ, ืึทืจึฐืฆึตืšึฐ, ืึทืจึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ, ืึทืจึฐืฆึธื
ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ
ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”
ื›ื“ื•ืจึพื”ืืจืฅ
  1. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™.
    • โ€ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐืšึธ ืžึตืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผื•ึนืœึทื“ึฐืชึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึทืจึฐืึถืšึธึผโ€œ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื‘, ืคืกื•ืง ื)
    • โ€ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึฐืฉึปืืขึฐื‘ึธึผื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืฉึตืืฉื ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืึถืœึถืฃ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึดื™ ืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื”, ืžึดืชึฐื™ึทื—ึฒืกึดื™ื ืึถืœ ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ืฉึฐืื‘ึธื˜ึดื™ื, ืœึนื ื ึดืžึฐืœึทื˜ ืžึตื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึธืจึทื— ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึทื—ึถืจึถืชโ€œ (ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ - ืžืืžืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”)
    • "ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธื—ึทืฉื: ืึตื™ืŸ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึนื—ึท, ื•ึผืคึนื” / ืœึนื ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืึถืฉึธึผืืึตืจ" ("ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœ", ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ)
    • ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
  2. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืงืจืงืข, ืื“ืžื”.
    • โ€ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืชึทึผื“ึฐืฉึตืื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื“ึถึผืฉึถืื ืขึตืฉึถื‚ื‘ ืžึทื–ึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ื–ึถืจึทืข ืขึตืฅ ืคึฐึผืจึดื™ ืขึนืฉึถื‚ื” ืคึฐึผืจึดื™ ืœึฐืžึดื™ื ื•ึน ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื–ึทืจึฐืขื•ึน ื‘ื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึตืŸโ€œ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื)
    • โ€ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅโ€œ (ืžืฉื ื”, ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช โ€“ ืคืจืง ื•, ืžืฉื ื” ื)
    • โ€ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื˜ื•ึนื‘, ืœึธืžึธึผื” ื ึดื“ึฐืึทื’ ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ืžึธื—ึธืจ? ืฉึฐืืชื•ึผ ื”ึทื™ื•ึนื, ืžึธื—ึธืจ ืชึฐึผื›ึทืกึตึผื ื•ึผ ืึธืจึถืฅโ€œ (ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืืคื•, ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”)
    • ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ ืฆืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ื”ืžืชืื‘ืง ื•ื”ื•ืคืœ ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
  3. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
    • โ€ื•ึทืชึทึผืขึทืœ ืฉึดืื›ึฐื‘ึทืช ื”ึทื˜ึธึผืœ ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึดึผื“ึฐื‘ึธึผืจ ื“ึทึผืง ืžึฐื—ึปืกึฐืคึธึผืก ื“ึทึผืง ื›ึทึผื›ึฐึผืคึนืจ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ.โ€œ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื–, ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื“)
    • โ€ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึตืฉึถื‚ื‘ ื–ึนืจึตืขึท ื–ึถืจึทืข ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ.โ€œ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื˜)
    • โ€ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผื‘ึฐืฆื•ึผ ืขึทื ืจึธื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืกึฐืชึฐึผืžื•ึผ ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฐื™ึธื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื ึทึผื—ึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนื˜ึตืฃ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅโ€œ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืณ ืœื‘, ืคืกื•ืง ื“)
  4. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™.
  5. ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” [ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”] ื›ื“ื•ืจึพื”ืืจืฅ; ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
    • ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
  6. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื•ืข) ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
    • โ€ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉึถืื”ึดื™ื ืชึฐืœื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื ื•ึนื”ึถื’ึถืช ืึถืœึธึผื ื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื•ึฐืฉึถืืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืชึฐึผืœื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื ื•ึนื”ึถื’ึถืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื—ื•ึผืฆึธื” ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึธืจึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึดึผืœึฐืึธื™ึดื.โ€œ (ืžืฉื ื”, ืžืกื›ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ โ€“ ืคืจืง ื, ืžืฉื ื” ื˜)
    • ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื™ืงืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ, ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืžื—ื™ื™ ืื ื•ืกื™ื. ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื—ื˜ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ื•
    • ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืืจืฅ.
    • ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื’ื–ืจื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ; ืื•ื’ืจื™ืชื™ืช, ๐Ž€๐Ž—๐Ž• (ืึทืจืฅ)[1]; ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช, ืฆื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืช[2] ื•ืžื•ืื‘ื™ืช[3], ๐ค€๐ค“๐ค‘ (ืืจืฅ); ืืจืžื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ืืจืง[4]; ืืจืžื™ืช, ืึทืจึฐืขึธื (ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฆึพืขึพืง ืžื”ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ึพืฉืžื™ืช แธ); ืฉื‘ืื™ืช, ืืจืฅ; ืื›ื“ื™ืช, erแนฃetu; ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃูŽุฑู’ุถ (ืึทืจึฐืฅ'); ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, rแธ'.
  • ืงื™ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, earth; ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, Erde; ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช, aarde; ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, jวซrรฐ. ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: รฉraze) แผ”ฯฮฑฮถฮต)

ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • 3: ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืจืฅ" ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ("ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”") ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืงืจืงืข". ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืกืง, ืึธืจึถืฅ.

ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืจื’ื•ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ย ย ย ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: landโ€, countryโ€, region
  • ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Landโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื“ื ื™ืช: statsamtโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช: landโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช:orszรกgโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮณฮทโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: gi)
  • ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: regioโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: paรญsโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุจู„ุงุฏโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: paysโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: ศ›arฤƒโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฐโ€โ€โ€โ€
ย ย ย ืงืจืงืข
  • ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: terrenoโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: landโ€, soilโ€, ground
  • ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื•: terenoโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Erdbodenโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช: terreinโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮณฮทโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: gi)
  • ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: humusโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: tierraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุญู‚ู„โ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: terrainโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: solโ€, terenโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะทะตะผะปัโ€โ€โ€โ€
ย ย ย ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”
  • ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: terraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: groundโ€, landโ€, earth
  • ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื•: landoโ€, teroโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Landโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื“ื ื™ืช: landโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช: landโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮณฮทโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: gi)
  • ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: terraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ืช: landโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: tierraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃุฑุถโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช: krajโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ืช: terraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืคื™ื ื™ืช: maaโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: terreโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: pฤƒmรขntโ€, uscatโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะทะตะผะปัโ€โ€โ€โ€
ย ย ย ื›ื“ื•ืจึพื”ืืจืฅ
  • ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: la Terraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Earthโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Erdeโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช: de Aardeโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: Fรถldโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮณฮทโ€โ€โ€โ€ (ืชืขืชื™ืง: gi)
  • ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Terraโ€, Orbisโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: la Tierraโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุงู„ุฃุฑุถโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช: Ziemiaโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืคื™ื ื™ืช: Maaโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: la Terreโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: Pamรขntulโ€โ€โ€โ€
  • ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะ—ะตะผะปัโ€โ€โ€โ€

ืจืื• ื’ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: ืงืจืงืข
ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ: ืื“ืžื”
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ: ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช UT 129, 68, โ€™nt II, โ€™nt III, 51 I, 51 VII, 51 VIII, 67 I, 67 V, 67 VI, 49 I, Krt, 62, 125, 1 Aqht, 609, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ื— KTU 1.161
  2. โ†‘ KAI 10, 14, 15, 19, 23, 26, 27, 43, 121, 126, 129, 161
  3. โ†‘ KAI 181 (ืžืฆื‘ืช ืžื™ืฉืข)
  4. โ†‘ KAI 202, 215, 222, 223, 224, 266, 279, 309