Ladabi
 Ladabi | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | hukuntarwa |
A cikin dokar kwangila, diyya wajibi ne na kwangilar wani ɓangare (mai biyan kuɗi) don rama asarar da wani ɓangare (wanda aka ci bashin) ya yi saboda ayyukan da suka dace na mai karɓar fansa ko wani ɓangare. Aikin ramuwa yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, yana tare da aikin kwangila don "riƙe mara lahani" ko "ajiye marar lahani". Sabanin haka, “lamuni” wajibi ne na wani bangare (mai garantin) ga wani bangare don aiwatar da alƙawarin wani ɓangare na abin da ya dace idan ɗayan ya gaza.
Abubuwan da aka biya sun zama tushen kwangilar inshora da yawa; alal misali, mai mota zai iya siyan inshora iri-iri a matsayin diyya ga nau'ikan asara iri-iri da ta taso daga aikin motar, kamar lalacewar motar kanta, ko kuɗin likita bayan wani hatsari. A cikin mahallin hukuma, ana iya wajabta wa shugaban makaranta ya ramuwa wakilinsu bashin da aka tafka yayin gudanar da ayyuka a ƙarƙashin dangantakar. Yayin da al'amuran da ke haifar da lamuni na iya ƙayyadaddun kwangila ta hanyar kwangila, ayyukan da dole ne a ɗauka don rama waɗanda suka ji rauni ba su da tabbas, kuma matsakaicin diyya galibi yana iyakancewa. [1]
Turanci gama gari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sharuddan lamuni Duba kuma: Dokokin Kwangilar Rashin Adalci ta 1977 Ƙarƙashin sashe na 4 na Dokar Zamba (1677), dole ne a ba da shaidar "garanti" (aikin abin alhaki na biyu; don amsa kuskuren wani) a rubuce. Babu irin wannan bukatu na yau da kullun dangane da lamuni (wanda ya haɗa da zato na alhaki na farko; don biya ba tare da la’akari da abin da wani ya yi ba) waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su ko da da baki[2]
Ƙarƙashin dokar Turanci na yanzu, dole ne a ba da lamuni a bayyane da kuma daidaitattun kalmomi a cikin kwangilar don a aiwatar da su.[3] Dokar Sharuɗɗan Kwangilar Rashin Adalci ta 1977 ta bayyana cewa mabukaci.
Kyautar kwangila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Ingila da Wales lambar yabo ta kuɗi na "lalata" na iya zama wani ɓangare na sokewa yayin aikin sakewa a cikin haɗin gwiwa. Ana musayar kadarorin da kuɗaɗe, amma ana iya ba da lamuni don kashe kuɗin da aka yi wa wanda ba shi da laifi bisa ga kwangilar. Babban shari'ar shine Whittington v Seale-Hayne, [4] wanda aka siyar da gurbatacciyar gona. Kwangilar ta sa masu siyan su sake gyara gidan kuma, gurbatar yanayi ya jawo wa manajan su kudin magani, wanda ya yi rashin lafiya. Da zarar an soke kwangilar, za a iya biyan mai siyar da kuɗin gyara saboda wannan ya zama dole ga kwangilar, amma ba kudin magani ba saboda kwangilar ba ta buƙatar su dauki manaja ba. Idan masu siyar sun yi kuskure, za a sami lalacewa a fili.
Bambanci tsakanin diyya da lalacewa yana da dabara kuma ana iya bambanta ta hanyar la'akari da tushen ka'idar wajibai: ta yaya za a iya biyan kuɗi idan wanda ake tuhuma bai yi laifi ba? Kwangilar kafin sokewa ba ta da amfani amma ba ta da amfani, don haka, na wani lokaci, akwai kwangilar doka. A wannan lokacin, dukkanin bangarorin biyu suna da wajibcin doka. Idan kwangilar za a soke ab initio wajibi ne a biya diyya. Don haka, farashin diyya ya taso ne daga wajibcin mai da’awa (mai wucewa da aiki) maimakon sabawa wajibcin wanda ake tuhuma[5]
Bambance-bambance daga garanti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lamuni ya bambanta da garanti, wanda shine alƙawarin wani ɓangare na uku don girmama wajibcin wani ɓangare na kwangila idan wannan ɓangaren ya kasa ko ya ƙi yin hakan (yawanci garantin yana iyakance ga wajibcin biyan bashi). An tattauna wannan bambance-bambance tsakanin lamuni da garanti tun farkon karni na sha takwas a Birkmyr v Darnell.[6]A wannan yanayin, damuwa game da garantin biyan kaya maimakon biyan kudin haya, alkalin kotun ya bayyana cewa garantin ya ce yadda ya kamata "Bari shi ya mallaki kayan, idan bai biya ku ba, zan biya.[7]
Bambance-bambance daga garanti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Layya ya bambanta da garanti a cikin haka:[8]
Lamuni yana ba da garantin diyya daidai da adadin asarar da ke ƙarƙashin lamunin, yayin da garanti ya ba da garantin diyya kawai don rage ƙimar kadarar da aka samu saboda gaskiyar garantin rashin gaskiya (kuma mai cin gajiyar dole ne ya tabbatar da irin wannan raguwar darajar). Garanti na buƙatar masu cin gajiyar don rage asarar su, yayin da lamunin ba sa. Garanti baya rufe matsalolin da aka sani ga mai cin gajiyar a lokacin da aka ba da garanti, yayin da lamuni ke yi.
Kwangilar Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin kwangiloli masu zaman kansu da sharuɗɗan sabis a cikin Amurka suna buƙatar ɓangare ɗaya (mai biyan kuɗi, yawanci abokin ciniki) don biyan (rayya) farashin ɗayan ɓangaren don da'awar doka da ta taso daga alaƙar. Suna da yawa musamman a ayyukan kan layi.[9] [10] Gwamnatin Amurka tana buga Sharuɗɗan Sabis na musamman, [11] waɗanda ta yi shawarwari tare da kamfanoni da yawa, don keɓance ramuwa ga aikin gwamnatin Amurka na hukuma. Dokar Amurka "an keta doka ta kowace yarjejeniya ta ramuwa wanda, ba tare da izini na doka ba, ya sanya wa Amurka wani buɗaɗɗen alhaki, mai yuwuwa mara iyaka." shafi."[12] [13]
Bambance bambancen jihohi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A karkashin dokar Amurka, fassarar alamomin rashin daidaituwa ya bambanta ta jihar. [14] ] Misali, a cikin tawakkokin zomo na California ba sa rufe wasu hatsari ba sai dai idan har hadarin da aka jera a cikin kwangilar 'ya sa X zai iya karewa daga samfurin "sa X zai dauki alhakin dukkan ikirarin da Y. [15] Indaling Indalmess na iya zama mai tsada sosai tun lokacin da inshorar X ta X ta X ta nuna ba ta rufe da'awar Y, amma X har yanzu dole ya rufe su. ,[16]
A cikin 2017, Kotun Utah ta Utah ta bayyana, "ta doke, tanadi na samar da mai siye da kaya don ba da izini 'a cikin wasu yanayi. Utah lambar § 78B-6-70." [17]
A cikin 2012-2014, wata mace mai jan hankali dole ne ta biya lauya don fita daga biyan bashin indnity don rauni a sashin ajiya. Lokacin da wani ya zame kankara a shekarar 2012 yayin da zai shiga guda, adana jama'a a kotu don sa macen da ta yi hayar da izinin biya don raunin. Ta yi kokarin watsi da karar kuma sai Kotun Jiha ta mulkin da ta biya. Ta kuma ta riƙe lauya kuma ta tafi kotu. A cikin 2014, Kotun gundumar ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa takamaiman zagein indomworormory a cikin New Jersey saboda ya lullube da ba tare da a fili cewa a fili cewa a fili dokar ba da labari (sauran jihohi daban). [18] Yanke shawara a 2013 a New Jersey ya amince da wata magana mai ban tsoro tunda ya biyo bayan wannan dokar ce ta hanyar dokar New Jersey. " Alkalin ya ce, "Gaskiya ne cewa mai amfani, wanda ba a san wanda bai dace da dokokin New Jersey ba, ba zai iya bayyana da tabbaci ba har zuwa ka tabbatar da hakan. [19]
A shekara ta 2010, Kotun Koli na Colorado ta bukaci shagon fure don kada ta ziyarci filin ajiye motoci, saboda wasiyyar shagon yana da babban magana. [20]
A shekarar 1999, Kotun Laraba ta Amurka ta gundumar Wyoming ba ta bukatar abokin ciniki ne don raunin da ya sa a ba da izinin yin sakaci don sakaci don sakaci. [21]
A shekarar 1979, Kotun Kotun Kotun Minnesota ta yanke hukunci cewa dole ne mai yanke ya zama mai lalata da ya haifar, a cewar zango na sayan su. [22]
A shekarar 1966, Kotun Kefen California ta mulkin da Hertz Corporation ba zata iya aiwatar da batunta da ke neman masu rattaba hannu ba. [23]
Tare da tattaunawar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Indemnities can be expensive enough to bankrupt a company that pays them: "If manufacturers ... are to survive, they will need liability insurance, as well as favorable contracts with retailers. If you look at a big retailers, such as Trader Joe's or Costco or Walmart or Randalls, very often there will be an indemnity provision providing that, if you want to sell a product in our stores, and if it gets someone sick or if it has to be Tunani, kuma laifin ku ne, dole ne ku biya mu don hakan. "[24]
Lokacin da kwantiragin yake "sasantawa," indeve shawarwari na da don sarrafa waɗancan farashin doka. Ba zai bar bikin da aka gabatar ba (Indnemnitee) Overengen: "Tsarin da Indniten ya yi yanke hukunci game da yadda aka yi wa anda ya rage da kuma kudinsa, mafi yawan munanan aiki ba kwa son in fassara da da'awar lokacin da ba su sarrafa kare da'awar. [25]
Kungiyar Bayar Bariyya ta Amurka ta karbi shawara kan tattaunawar kwangilar gini: cewa (1) Kafa dama kawai don karewa a karkashin Inquiation da'awar. "[26]to [27]
Misali na barin farashin sarrafa mai ba da labari yana kan batun dan kwangila na gidaje (HOA) wanda ya kamata a gabatar da kamfanoni masu kyau idan hatsarori ba a yaba musu ba. [28]Tattaunawa yana da mahimmanci ga bangarorin biyu. "Game da dukkanin kwangila na gaba daya yana da wani arziki wanda ya bayyana da manajan a karkashin wasu halaye ... Dole ne a iya yin amfani da abin da ke karewa." [29]
Idan masu rashin hankali na iya sasantawa da iyakance a kan kwantiraginsu, wanda ya iyakance farashin mai yuwuwar idan sun "bayyana wasu nau'ikan duhunar - e.g., abin da ya bayyana a cikin yarjejeniyar, e.g., abin da ya faru) amfani da ... Indny." [30]
Ba tare da sasantawa ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da kwantiragin ba sasantawa ba (kwangilar Adshiyyai), kalmar sirri sau da yawa tana barin bunymnitee yanke shawarar abin da za a kashe akan farashin doka da kuma biyan kuɗi. [31] Mafi mahimmancin magana suna da yawa. [32]Wadannan sune misalai ne na bukatun da suka dace daga kasuwancin. Na karshe daya, jerin Angie, batutuwa sun iyakance ga laifin mai amfani, amma har yanzu suna yanke shawara ta hanyar lalatattun kayayyaki (jerin Angie).[33] Yarda da cewa zaku kare Marina kan da'awar kuma ku biya duk wani lahani wanda Marina ke dauke da alhakin. "[34] "Kun yarda da mudaka kuma ku riƙe uber ... mara lahani daga kowane ɗayan da'awar ... dangane da: (i) amfanin ku ..." [35] "Kasancewar mai ba da izini kuma riƙe mai shi (adana jama'a) da wakilan masugidan sun jawo wa kansu, amma ba iyaka da rauni ko kuma waɗanda aka sanya su." [36] [37] "Kun yarda da kare, ba da lahani da rashin lafiya da kuma indadik da Harvard da MIT] "Kun yarda cewa za ku yi indmance kuma ku riƙe NCR mara zurfi ... Daga kowane da'awar ... (2) Abubuwan da mai amfani ko amfani da irin waɗannan kayan mai amfani ..." [38] "Idan kana amfani da ayyukanmu a madadin kasuwanci, kasuwancin ya yarda da waɗannan sharuɗɗan. Zai iya ba da izini ga Google ... Daga kowane da'awar, aiki da ya shafi amfani da ayyukan ..." [39] "Bayan Bankin America ko Consilais, Kana yarda da Kare, Indare na Amurka, wanda ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya faru a kan abin da in ba haka ba, ba a bukatar ku Ba da tantance Bank na Amurka ko masu haɗin gwiwa don cin zarafin dokokin da suka dace. "[40]
Kun yarda da ramuwa, kare da kuma riƙe ƙungiyoyin Verizon mara lahani daga kuma a kan duk asarar ... dangane da iƙirarin da kowane ɓangare na uku ya yi saboda ko taso daga (a) Abubuwan da aka ƙaddamar… (b) amfani da Shafukan ko Albarkatun ku ... Verizon yana da haƙƙin ɗaukar tsaro da sarrafa duk wani lamari da ya shafi biyan diyya ta hanyar tsaro, tare da duk wani abin da za ku iya bayar da tabbacin tsaro." "Kun yarda don ba da lamuni, kare da kuma riƙe Jerin Angie mara lahani ... akan duk asarar ... da ta taso daga: (a) duk wa[41] ni keta wannan Yarjejeniyar ta Ku; (b) Abubuwan da ba daidai ba ko na gaskiya ko wasu bayanan da kuka bayar zuwa Jerin Angie ko kuma cewa Ka ƙaddamar, aikawa ko in ba haka ba ta samuwa ta hanyar Sabis; ko (c) duk wani laifi ko wani haƙƙin da ya haifar da wani cin zarafi na wani. za su kasance da ikon kare duk wata barna ko da'awar."[[42] [43]
Inshora
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma: Inshorar lamuni Inshorar biyan kuɗi yana rama waɗanda suka ci moriyar manufofin don ainihin asarar tattalin arzikinsu, har zuwa iyakacin adadin manufofin inshora. Gabaɗaya yana buƙatar mai inshora ya tabbatar da adadin asararsa kafin ya warke. Maidowa yana iyakance ga adadin hasara mai yiwuwa koda kuwa adadin fuskar manufofin ya fi girma. Wannan ya bambanta da, alal misali, inshorar rayuwa, inda adadin asarar tattalin arzikin mai cin gajiyar bai da mahimmanci. Mutuwar mutumin da aka ba da inshorar rayuwarsa saboda dalilan da ba a keɓance shi ba daga manufofin ya wajabta mai insurer ya biya duk adadin kuɗin manufofin ga wanda ya ci gajiyar. Yarjejeniyar lamuni ga membobin hukumar A matsayin wani bangare na nadin jami’ai, hukumar za ta rika amincewa da yarjejeniyar biyan diyya da jami’in. Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin suna ba da ramuwa ga jami'ai don alhaki na sirri don ayyukan da aka ɗauka a madadin kamfani. Hukumar za ta kuma amince da wasu kudurori daban-daban da suka amince da biyan diyya ga shawarar da daraktoci suka yanke. An haɗa yarjejeniyoyin lamuni a cikin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na kamfanoni.
Misalai na tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yanta bayi da bayin da aka shiga An yi la’akari da masu bayi da asara a duk lokacin da aka ba bayinsu ’yanci.
Lokacin da aka 'yantar da bayin Zanzibar a shekara ta 1897, ta hanyar diyya ne tun da ra'ayin da ake yi shine cewa masu bautar suna shan wahala a asarar dukiyoyi a duk lokacin da aka 'yantar da bawa.
A cikin 1860s a Amurka, Shugaban Amurka Abraham Lincoln ya nemi miliyoyin daloli daga Majalisa don biyan diyya ga masu bayi saboda asarar bayinsu.[44] A ranar 9 ga Yuli 1868, Sashe na IV na Kwaskwarima na Goma sha Hudu ya yi watsi da duk da'awar cewa an ji wa masu bayi rauni ta hanyar 'yantar da bayi [45] [46]
A cikin 1807-1808, a Prussia, ɗan majalisa Baron Heinrich vom Stein ya gabatar da jerin gyare-gyare, wanda babbansu shine kawar da saɓo tare da ramuwa ga sarakunan yanki.[47]
An bukaci Haiti ta biya diyya na 150,000,000 ga Faransa don yin kaffarar asarar da masu bautar Faransa suka yi.[48] Farashin yaki Al'ummar da ta yi nasara a yakin na iya dagewa cewa za a biya su diyya na kudaden da aka kashe a yakin, ko da kuwa ita ce ta tayar da yakin.
Bayan yakin Sino-Japan na 1894-1895, yerjejeniyar Shimonoseki ta bukaci kasar Sin ta biya Japan jimillar tela 200,000,000.[49] Bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa 'yan kasashen waje a lokacin tawayen Boxer, daular Qing da ta sha kaye za ta biya diyya na azurfa miliyan 450 a tsawon shekaru 39 ga kasashe takwas da abin ya shafa.[50] [51]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ The law of contract
- ↑ The law of contract
- ↑ "English Indemnity Law – Parsing the Promise: Words Are Important, But So Are Actions"
- ↑ (1900) 82 LT
- ↑ Furmston, Michael P. (2001). Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston's Law of contract (14th ed.). Butterworths/LexisNexis. ISBN 9780406947178
- ↑ Salkeld
- ↑ See also: Mountstephan v Lakeman (1871) LR 7 QB 196.
- ↑ "Warranties and indemnities: what's the difference?"
- ↑ Kamarinou, Dimitra; Millard, Christopher; Hon, W. Kuan (18 August 2015), Privacy in the Clouds: An Empirical Study of the Terms of Service and Privacy Policies of 20 Cloud Service Providers, Queen Mary University of London – Cloud Legal Project, SSRN 2646447
- ↑ The Anti-Deficiency Act Implications of Consent by Government Employees to Online Terms of Service Agreements Containing Open-Ended Indemnification Clauses (Opinion of the US Attorney General. 2012) opinion
- ↑ "Negotiated Terms of Service Agreements"
- ↑ The Anti-Deficiency Act Implications of Consent by Government Employees to Online Terms of Service Agreements Containing Open-Ended Indemnification Clauses (Opinion of the US Attorney General. 2012) opinion
- ↑ Hercules, Inc. v. United States, 516 U.S. 417 (1996) opinion
- ↑ http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/tips-for-a-startup-manufacturer-in-31651/
- ↑ http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/tips-for-a-startup-manufacturer-in-31651/
- ↑ "What's Really In Your Marina Contract?"
- ↑ Bylsma v. R.C.WilleyHumanTouch, 2017 UT 85 opinion
- ↑ Martinez-Santiago v. Public Storage (1:14-cv-00302-JBS-AMD), opinion and docket
- ↑ Sauro v. L.A. Fitness International, LLC (1:12-cv-03682), opinion and docket
- ↑ "Three Strategies for Limiting Your Indemnity Obligation"
- ↑ "Madsen v. Wyoming River Trips 31 F.Supp.2d 1321 (1999)"
- ↑ Turner v. Alpha Phi Sorority House 276 N.W.2d 63 (Minn. 1979)
- ↑ Atlantic Nat. Ins. Co. v. Armstrong 65 Cal. 2d 100 (Cal. 1966) opinion
- ↑ "The biggest food recall of 2018 is one you still haven't heard about"
- ↑ "Indemnity Procedures and Liability in IT Contracts"
- ↑ "Critical Construction Contract Clauses"
- ↑ "Hold Harmless & Indemnify"
- ↑ "Association Answers: Are HOA board members protected from lawsuits?"
- ↑ "Indemnify the HOA Manager"
- ↑ "Some IP Indemnification Considerations for Tech Vendors"
- ↑ "Contracts for Clouds: Comparison and Analysis of the Terms and Conditions of Cloud Computing Services",
- ↑ "Contracts for Clouds: Comparison and Analysis of the Terms and Conditions of Cloud Computing Services"
- ↑ Phillips, Andelka M. (2015). "Genomic Privacy and Direct-to-Consumer Genetics: Big Consumer Genetic Data – What's in that Contract?". 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops. San Jose, CA: IEEE. pp. 60–64. doi:10.1109/SPW.2015.19. hdl:2262/77428. ISBN 9781479999330. S2CID 14504403
- ↑ "What's Really In Your Marina Contract?"
- ↑ "Uber Terms and Conditions"
- ↑ "Public Storage Lease/Rental Agreement for New Jersey"
- ↑ "edX adopted amended Terms of Service"
- ↑ "NPR Terms of Use"
- ↑ "Google Terms of Service"
- ↑ "Terms and Conditions for Bank of America Corporation Websites"
- ↑ "Verizon Terms & Conditions for websites"
- ↑ "Angie's List Membership Agreement – item 26"
- ↑ "The Extended Period of Indemnity Endorsement"
- ↑ Abraham Lincoln's Second Annual Message of 1862
- ↑ Fourteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress
- ↑ National Archives (USA): 14th Amendment
- ↑ Sfectu, Nicolae (2014). Insurance Glossary (1st ed.). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781470931100.[self-published
- ↑ "Option Zero in Haiti"
- ↑ Hallward, Peter (May–June 2004). "Option Zero in Haiti". New Left Review. No. 27. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ↑ Spence, Jonathan D.
- ↑ Spence, Jonathan D.
