Jamshid

Jamshid
Shah
Rayuwa
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Tahmuras
Yara	view Arnavāz (en) Shahrnāz (en)
Yare	Pishdadian dynasty (en)
Sana'a

Jamshid /ˌ dʒ æm ˈ ʃ iː d /; Farisa na gargajiya: جمشید Jamshēd fa; Farisanci na Tsakiya da Sabon Farisa: جم Jam fa ), wanda aka fi sani da Yima (Avestan ae), shine Shah na huɗu na daular Pishdadian ta Iran a cewar Shahnameh.

A cikin tarihin Iran da al'adun gargajiya, an bayyana Jamshid a matsayin sarki na huɗu kuma mafi girma na Daular Pishdadian da ba a tabbatar da ita ba (kafin Daular Kayanian). An riga an ambaci wannan rawar a cikin nassi na Zoroastrian (misali Yasht 19, Vendidad 2), inda adadi ya bayyana a matsayin Yima xšaēta (Avestan) "Yima mai haske", daga inda aka samo sunan 'Jamshid'.

Dukansu Jam da 'Jamsh' sun kasance sunayen maza na Iran da Zoroastrian waɗanda suka shahara a yankunan da ke kewaye da Iran kamar Afghanistan da Tajikistan. Edward FitzGerald ya fassara sunan a matsayin Jamshyd . A yankunan gabashin Babbar Iran, kuma ta Zoroastrians na Yankin Indiya an fassara shi a matsayin Jamshed bisa ga furcin Farisa ta gargajiya.

Magana

Sunan Jamshid asali mahaɗi ne mai sassa biyu, Jam da shid, wanda ya yi daidai da sunayen Avestan Yima da Xšaēta, wanda aka samo daga Proto-Iranian *Yamah Xšaitah ('Yama, mai hazaka/mashahuri'). An fassara Yamah da Sanskrit Yama mai alaƙa a matsayin "tagwaye", wataƙila yana nuna imani da Indo-Iran game da asalin Yama da Yami. Ta hanyar canjin sauti na yau da kullun (y → j, da asarar harafin ƙarshe), tsohon sigar Farisa daidai da Avestan Yima ya zama Jam ɗin Farisa ta Tsakiya, wanda daga baya aka ci gaba da shi zuwa Sabon Farisa .

Akwai kuma wasu kamanceceniya masu aiki tsakanin Avestan Yima da Sanskrit Yama; misali, Yima ɗan Vivaŋhat ne, wanda shi ma ya yi daidai da Vedic Vivasvat, "wanda ke haskakawa", sunan allahn rana Surya . Yamas a tatsuniyar Iran da ta Indiya suna kare Jahannama tare da taimakon karnuka biyu masu ido huɗu.

Oettinger, yayin da yake bayyana hujjarsa cewa labarin Yima asalin tatsuniyar ambaliyar ruwa ce, kuma tatsuniyoyin ambaliyar ruwa ta Sanskrit ta asali sun kasance a matsayin jarumin su, ya ambaci cewa tatsuniyoyin Scandinavia sun nuna alaƙar Yima da Yama, a cikin siffar tsohuwar Ymir, wani ƙaton mutum wanda aka ƙera sararin samaniya daga gawarsa kuma zubar da jininsa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa. Ymir har yanzu yana da alaƙa da ambaliyar ruwa a Iceland ta zamanin da, Snorri Sturluson ya rubuta cewa kakanninsa na arna sun yi imani da cewa mutuwar Ymir ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, ta kashe duk sai ɗaya daga cikin Giants ɗin Frost . Wannan wanda ya tsira shi kaɗai shine Bergelmir, wanda - kamar Nuhu - ya tsere daga nutsewa tare da matarsa ta hanyar iyo a kan wani nau'in jirgin ruwa na katako) don haka ya rayu don ci gaba da wanzuwar ƙabilarsa. Matsayin Bergelmir a cikin tatsuniyar Ymir wataƙila ya kasance ta hanyar tatsuniyoyin Kirista, amma alaƙar Ymir da babban ambaliyar ruwa na iya kasancewa saboda al'adar da ta gabata kafin Kiristanci. Babban hujjar Oettinger ta shafi yadda Indic "Yama" da Iran "Yima" - dukkansu suna da alaƙa da Norse "Ymir" - suma suka shafi ambaliyar ruwa.

*Xšaitah yana nufin "mai haske, mai haske" ko "mai haske". Ta hanyar canje-canjen sauti na yau da kullun (farkon xš → š (sh); ai → ē; t → d tsakanin wasulan; da kuma rage harafin ƙarshe) *xšaitah ya zama shēd na Farisa. A cikin Farisanci na Iran, ana furta wasalin /ē/ kamar /i/. Saboda haka, yanzu ana furta Jamshēd (kamar yadda ake furta shi a Afghanistan da Tajikistan ) Jamshid a Iran . Karin -shid iri ɗaya ne da wanda aka samu a wasu sunaye kamar khorshid ("Rana" daga Avestan hvarə-xšaēta "Rana mai haske").

Sunan Turkiyya na zamani Cem ya samo asali ne daga Jam na Farisa.

Mai ba da gudummawa ɗaya   ya gabatar da cewa jam na Farisa shine tushen ajam na Larabci, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa wannan kalmar Larabci ga al'ummar da ke jin Farisa ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Farisa, ma'ana mutanen Jam. Duk da haka, wannan ba daidai ba ne. ʿAjam ya fito ne daga tushen Larabci ʿ(ʿayn) ج (jim) م (mim), ma'ana yin magana ba tare da fahimta ba, kuma an yi amfani da ita a tsakanin Larabawa, da farko, ga duk mutanen da ke jin harsunan da masu jin Larabci ba za su iya fahimta ba, ko suna jin Farisa, Fulatanci, ko harshen Turkiyya. Daga baya, Larabawa sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin kalmar wulaƙanci ga masu jin Farisa don bambanta su da masu jin Larabci. Har yanzu ana amfani da kalmar ʿajam ko ʿajami a wasu sassan duniyar Musulunci don nuna harsunan da ba Larabci ba, musamman a yankunan Sahara da kudu da Sahara.

A cikin Avesta

Tushe:

A babi na biyu na Vendidad na Avesta, Mahalicci mai sanin komai Ahura Mazda ya roƙi Yima, makiyayi mai kyau, da ya karɓi dokarsa ya kawo wa mutane. Duk da haka, Yima ya ƙi, don haka Ahura Mazda ya ɗora masa wani aiki daban: ya yi mulki a kan duniya ya kuma ciyar da ita, ya ga cewa halittu masu rai sun ci gaba. Wannan Yima ya yarda, kuma Ahura Mazda ya ba shi hatimin zinariya da wuƙa da aka lulluɓe da zinariya.

Yima ya yi mulki a matsayin sarki tsawon shekaru ɗari uku, kuma ba da daɗewa ba duniya ta cika da mutane, garken tsuntsaye da garken dabbobi. Ya hana wa daevas, waɗanda suke bayin aljanu daga mugun Ahriman, dukiya, shanu da suna a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, mutanen kirki sun rayu da wadata, kuma ba su da lafiya ko tsufa. Uba da ɗa sun yi tafiya tare, kowannensu bai wuce shekaru goma sha biyar ba. Ahura Mazda ya sake ziyarce shi, yana yi masa gargaɗi game da wannan yawan jama'a . Yima, yana haskakawa da haske, ya fuskanci kudu ya matse hatimin zinare a kan ƙasa ya kuma yi gundura da poniard, ya ce "Ya Spenta Armaiti, ka buɗe kanka ka miƙe kanka nesa, ka ɗauki tumaki da shanu da mutane."

Duniya ta kumbura kuma Yima ta yi mulki na tsawon shekaru ɗari shida kafin wannan matsalar ta sake faruwa. Ya sake danna hatimin da wuƙa a ƙasa ya roƙi ƙasa ta kumbura ta ɗauki ƙarin mutane da dabbobi, ƙasa kuma ta sake kumbura. Bayan shekaru ɗari tara, duniya ta sake cika. An yi amfani da wannan mafita, ƙasa kuma ta sake kumbura.

Sashe na gaba na labarin ya ba da labarin haɗuwar Ahura Mazda da Yazatas a Airyanem Vaejah, na farko daga cikin "ƙasashe masu kyau". Yima ya halarci tare da ƙungiyar "mafi kyawun mutane", inda Ahura Mazda ya yi masa gargaɗi game da bala'i mai zuwa: "Ya kai mai kyau Yima, ɗan Vivaŋhat! A kan duniyar duniya, hunturu mai muni yana gab da faɗuwa, wanda zai kawo sanyi mai zafi da haɗari; a kan duniyar duniya, hunturu mai muni yana gab da faɗuwa, wanda zai sa dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi kauri, har ma da zurfin arədvi a kan tuddai mafi tsayi."

Vedivdad ya ambaci cewa Ahura Mazda ta yi wa Yima gargaɗi cewa za a yi guguwar hunturu mai ƙarfi sannan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. [1] Ahura Mazda ta shawarci Yima da ta gina Vara (Avestan: katanga) a cikin siffar kogo mai matakai da yawa, mil biyu (3) kilomita) tsayi da mil biyu (3) (kilomita) faɗi. Wannan zai cika da mafi kyawun maza da mata; da kuma biyu daga kowace dabba, tsuntsaye da tsirrai; da kuma wadata abinci da ruwa da aka tattara a lokacin bazara da ya gabata. Yima ya ƙirƙiri Vara ta hanyar murƙushe ƙasa da tambarin ƙafarsa, da kuma murƙushe ta kamar yadda mai tukwane ke yin yumɓu. Ya ƙirƙiri tituna da gine-gine, kuma ya kawo mutane kusan dubu biyu su zauna a ciki. Ya ƙirƙiri haske na wucin gadi, kuma a ƙarshe ya rufe Vara da zoben zinare.

Henry Corbin ya fassara wannan labarin a matsayin wani abu na ruhaniya kuma ya bayyana shi kamar haka: Yima "ya karɓi umarnin gina katangar, Var, inda aka tattara zaɓaɓɓu daga cikin dukkan halittu, mafi kyau, mafi alheri, domin a kiyaye su daga hunturu mai mutuwa da Ikon Aljanu suka saki, kuma wata rana su sake mamaye duniya mai canzawa. Hakika, Var na Yima, kamar dai birni ne, wanda ya haɗa da gidaje, rumbuna, da shinge. Yana da ƙofofi masu haske da tagogi waɗanda kansu ke ɓoye hasken da ke ciki, domin hasken da ba a ƙirƙira shi ba ne kuma wanda aka ƙirƙira shi ne ke haskaka shi."

Norbert Oettinger ya yi jayayya cewa labarin Yima da Vara asalin tatsuniyar ambaliyar ruwa ce, kuma an ƙara hunturu mai zafi saboda bushewar yanayin Gabashin Iran, saboda tatsuniyoyin ambaliyar ruwa ba su da tasiri kamar hunturu mai zafi. Ya yi jayayya cewa ambaton ruwan da ya narke a cikin Videvdad 2.24 ya ƙunshi ragowar tatsuniyar ambaliyar ruwa .

A cikin al'ada da al'adun gargajiya

  A tsawon lokaci, jarumin Avestan Yima Xšaēta ya zama Shāh Jamshid mai mulkin duniya na tatsuniyoyi da almara na Farisa.

A cewar Shāhnāma na mawaƙin Firdausī, Jamshid shine sarki na huɗu a duniya. Yana da iko a kan dukkan mala'iku da aljanu na duniya, kuma shi ne sarki kuma babban firist na Hormozd ( Farisa ta tsakiya don Ahura Mazda ). Ya ɗauki alhakin ƙirƙirar abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka sa rayuwa ta fi aminci ga mutanensa: ƙera sulke da makamai, saka da rini na tufafi na lilin, siliki da ulu, gina gidaje na tubali, haƙar lu'u-lu'u da ƙarfe masu daraja, yin turare da ruwan inabi, fasahar magani, kewaya ruwan duniya a cikin jiragen ruwa. Sudreh da kushti na Zoroastrianism suma an danganta su da Jamshid. Tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya kuma sun yaba masa da ƙirƙirar kiɗa. Daga mabiyan Keyumars masu sanye da fata, ɗan adam ya tashi zuwa wata babbar wayewa a zamanin Jamshid.