Gabas
 Gabas | |
|---|---|
cardinal direction (en)  da points of the compass (en) | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Hannun riga da | Yamma, Arewa, da Kudu |
Gabas kalma ce da ke nufin Gabas dangane da Turai, wadda a al'ada ta ƙunshi duk wani abu da ya shafi duniyar Gabas . Wannan shine saɓanin kalmar Occident, wadda ke nufin duniyar Yamma .
A Turanci, galibi ana kiranta da suna metonym ga nahiyar Asiya - wacce aka rarraba ta zuwa Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Tsakiyar Asiya, Gabashin Asiya, kuma wani lokacin har da Caucasus . Da farko, kalmar Gabas ana amfani da ita ne don nuna Gabas ta Tsakiya kawai, amma daga baya ma'anarta ta bunƙasa kuma ta faɗaɗa, ta kuma ambaci Asiya ta Tsakiya, Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ko Gabas Mai Nisa .
A Amurka kalmar gabas kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana abubuwa da mutanen da suka fito daga Gabas/gabashin Asiya. [1]
Asalin Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar "Orient" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin oriens, ma'ana "gabas" (wanda a zahiri yake "tashi" < orior "tashi"). Amfani da kalmar "fitowa" don nufin gabas (inda rana ke fitowa) yana da kamanceceniya daga harsuna da yawa: kwatanta kalmomin "Arevelk" a cikin Armenian (Armeniya Arevelk yana nufin "Gabas" ko "Fitowar Rana"), " Levant " (< Faransanci levant "rising"), "Vostok" Russian: (< Rashanci voskhod Russian: "fitowar rana"), " Anatolia " (< anatole na Girkanci ), "mizrah" a cikin Ibrananci ("zriha" ma'anar fitowar rana), "sharq" Arabic (< Larabci yashriq يشرق "tashi", shurūq Arabic "tashi")," shygys" Kazakh (< Kazakh shygu Kazakh "fito"), Turkish (< Turkanci doğmak to be born; to rose), "xavar" Persian (ma'ana gabas), Chinese: 東 ( pinyin , hoton rana tana fitowa a bayan bishiya ) da kuma " Ƙasar Rana Mai Fitowa " don nufin Japan. A cikin Larabci, Mashriq a zahiri yana nufin "fitowar rana", "gabas", sunan ya samo asali ne daga fi'ilin sharaqa ( Arabic: "haskaka, haskakawa, haskakawa" da kuma "haskaka"), daga tushen sh-rq (ش-ر-ق), yana nufin gabas, inda rana ke fitowa. A tarihi, Mashriq shine yankin kudancin Daular Rumawa ta Gabas.
An gina tsoffin haikali da yawa, ciki har da haikali na arna, haikali na Hindu, haikali na Buddha, haikali na Jain, da kuma haikali na Yahudawa da ke Urushalima, tare da manyan hanyoyin shiga suna fuskantar Gabas. An ci gaba da wannan al'ada a majami'un Kirista .
Kalmar da akasin haka " Occident " ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin occidens, ma'ana yamma (yanayin da aka saita < occidere "faɗuwa/sauke"). Wannan kalma tana nufin yamma (inda rana ke faɗuwa) amma ba a amfani da ita a Turanci, don nufin " Duniyar Yamma ".
Tarihin kalmar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin ƙasa na kalmar Romawa ta Gabas ya faru ne a zamanin sarki Diocletian (284–305), lokacin da aka kafa Diocese of the East ( Latin : Diocesis Orientis ). Daga baya a ƙarni na 4, an kuma kafa yankin Praetorian na Gabas ( Latin : Praefectura Praetorio Orientis ), wanda ya haɗa da yawancin Daular Roma ta Gabas, daga Thrace zuwa gabas; mafi girman ɓangaren gabashinta shine Diocese na Gabas na asali, wanda ya yi daidai da yankin Siriya .
A tsawon lokaci, fahimtar "Gabas" ta ci gaba da canzawa zuwa gabas, yayin da Turawa ke tafiya zuwa Asiya. Daga ƙarshe ya isa Tekun Pacific, a cikin abin da Turawan Yamma suka kira "Gabas Mai Nisa". Waɗannan canje-canje a cikin lokaci da ganewa wani lokacin suna rikitar da fa'idar (ta tarihi da yanayin ƙasa) na Nazarin Gabas. Duk da haka akwai wasu wurare da "Gabas" da "Gabas" suka riƙe tsoffin ma'anoninsu (misali, "Kayan ƙanshi na Gabas" galibi suna fitowa ne daga yankunan da suka miƙe daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa ƙananan nahiyoyi na Indiya zuwa Indo-China). Matafiya za su iya sake hawa jirgin Orient Express daga Paris zuwa ƙarshensa a yankin Turai na Istanbul, hanyar da aka kafa a farkon ƙarni na 20.
A cikin tarihin Turai, ma'anar "Gabas" ta canza sau da yawa. Asali, kalmar tana nufin Masar, Levant, da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da ita har zuwa yamma da Maroko. A shekarun 1800, Indiya, da kuma China kaɗan, ta fara maye gurbin Levant a matsayin babban abin da binciken Gabas ya mayar da hankali a kai, yayin da kalmar ta bayyana a cikin ayyukan tsakiyar ƙarni don bayyana bayyanar ko kamanceceniya da gwamnati ko al'adar "Gabas", kamar a cikin littafin Tolstoy na 1869 Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya, inda Napoleon, bayan ya ga "kyakkyawan gabas" na Moscow, ya kira ta "Wannan birni na Asiya na majami'u marasa adadi, mai tsarki Moscow!" , yayin da a shekarar 1843, masanin tarihin Amurka William Prescott ya yi amfani da kalmar "babban abin alfahari, na Gabas ta gaske" don bayyana rayuwar fadar sarakunan Aztec a cikin tarihinsa na cin nasarar Daular Aztec . Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1957, Karl Wittfogel ya haɗa da Roma da Daular Incan a cikin bincikensa na abin da ya kira 'Oriental Despotism', yana nuna cewa kalmar har yanzu tana da ma'ana a cikin tunanin Yamma wanda ya wuce yanayin ƙasa. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, masana ƙasashen yamma gabaɗaya sun ɗauki "gabashin Gabas" a matsayin gabashin Asiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da gabashin Tsakiyar Asiya. [2] Kwanan nan a farkon karni na 20, kalmar "Orient" sau da yawa ana ci gaba da amfani da ita ta hanyoyi da suka haɗa da Arewacin Afirka. A yau, kalmar ta fi jan hankalin mutane game da China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Philippines, Indonesia, Timor-Leste da Brunei. [2] "Gabas" galibi kalma ce ta al'adu, amma an cire manyan sassan Asiya - musamman Siberia - daga ra'ayin ilimi na "Gabas". [2]
Kalmomi masu inganci iri ɗaya ga Gabas har yanzu suna nan a cikin harshen Turanci a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka haɗa da nazarin Gabas (yanzu Nazarin Asiya a wasu ƙasashe).
Kalmar siffa ta Oriental ta kasance a Yammacin duniya ana amfani da ita wajen nufin al'adu, mutane, ƙasashe, kafet na Asiya, da kayayyaki daga Gabas. "Gabas" gabaɗaya yana nufin "gabas". Sunan gargajiya ne (musamman idan aka yi masa manyan haruffa) ga duk wani abu na Gabas ko "Gabas" (na Asiya), musamman ma na al'adun Gabas . Ya nuna alkiblar gabas a cikin ilmin taurari na tarihi, wanda galibi ake kira "Ori". A cikin Turancin Amurka na zamani, Oriental yawanci yana nufin abubuwa daga sassan Gabashin Asiya waɗanda al'adar Asiya ta Gabas ke mamaye da yawancin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya waɗanda aka rarraba su da launin fata a matsayin " Mongoloid ". Wannan bai haɗa da Yahudawa, Indiyawa, Larabawa, da kuma yawancin sauran mutanen Kudu ko Yammacin Asiya ba. Saboda wariya da aka nuna wa Sinawa, Koriya da Japan a tarihi, a wasu sassan Amurka, wasu mutane suna ɗaukar kalmar "ƙazanta". Misali, Jihar Washington ta haramta kalmar "Oriental" a cikin dokoki da takardun gwamnati kuma ta fi son kalmar "Asian" maimakon haka. [3]
A cikin amfani na gida, ana amfani da "gabas" ga yankunan gabashin ƙasashe kamar Yankin Gabashin Morocco . Ana iya amfani da "Oriental" a matsayin ma'anar "gabas", musamman a cikin harsunan Romance . Misalai sun haɗa da lardunan "gabas" da "yamma" na Mindoro da Negros a Philippines, da kuma sashen Faransa na Pyrénées-Orientales . Tsakanin 1830 da 1962, Sojojin Faransa sun yi amfani da kalmar 'Tenue Orientale' wajen kwatanta kayan aikin 'yan asalin ƙasar na rundunonin sojoji daban-daban ( spahis, zouaves da tirailleurs ) da aka ɗauka aiki a Aljeriya, Maroko da Tunisiya.
Tun ƙarni na 19, kalmar "orientalism" ta kasance kalmar gargajiya ga masanin nazarin Gabas ; duk da haka, amfani da "Orientalism" a cikin Turanci don bayyana "Orientalism" na ilimi abu ne mai wuya: Kamus ɗin Turanci na Oxford ya ambaci amfani ɗaya kawai, wanda Lord Byron ya yi a 1812. " Orientalism " ana amfani da shi sosai wajen ambaton ayyukan masu fasaha na ƙarni na 19 waɗanda suka ƙware a fannoni na "Oriental" kuma galibi suna amfani da tafiye-tafiyensu zuwa Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya. An riga an siffanta masu fasaha, da kuma masana, a matsayin "masu ra'ayin gabas" a ƙarni na 19. A shekarar 1978, wani masanin Falasɗinu-Amurka Edward Said ya buga littafinsa mai tasiri da kuma takaddama, Orientalism, kuma ya yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana wata al'adar Yammacin duniya mai cike da rudani, ta ilimi da fasaha, ta fassarar ƙasashen waje game da ƙasashen Larabawa da Musulmai waɗanda ra'ayoyin mulkin mallaka na Turai suka tsara a ƙarni na 18 da 19.
Amfani na yanzu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ingilishin Burtaniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Ingilishi na Burtaniya, kalmar Oriental wani lokacin ana amfani da ita don nufin mutane daga Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (kamar waɗanda suka fito daga China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Philippines, Indonesia, Timor-Leste da Brunei). [4] An ba wa alkalai a Burtaniya jagororin ƙarfafa daidaiton siyasa inda ya kamata a guji batun gabas saboda ba daidai ba ne kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wariyar launin fata ko cin zarafi. [5] [6] Har yanzu sunan Oriental ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga shagunan sayar da abinci na kasar Sin da shagunan sayar da dankali na gargajiya a Burtaniya. [7] [8]
"Asiya" a Burtaniya yawanci yana nufin mutanen da suka fito musamman daga Kudancin Asiya (musamman Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, da Afghanistan), tunda 'yan Asiya na Burtaniya gabaɗaya sun kai kusan kashi 9.3% na yawan jama'a a cikin Burtaniya, kuma mutanen asalin ƙabilar Asiya ta Kudu sun ƙunshi mafi girman rukuni a cikin wannan rukunin. [9] "Orientals" yana nufin mutanen da suka fito daga Gabashin da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 0.7% na al'ummar Burtaniya gaba ɗaya. Daga cikin waɗannan, yawancinsu 'yan asalin ƙasar Sin ne. [10] Gabatarwa kalma ce ta lu'u- lu'u mai kyau. Hong Kong, tsohuwar ƙasar da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, ana kiranta da "Lu'u-lu'u na Gabas" tare da Shanghai. A Burtaniya, da kuma mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke da arzikin ƙasa, ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin kalma mai ɓatanci ba, inda mutane da yawa daga Gabashin Asiya suka zaɓi amfani da ita da kansu - musamman a cikin sunayen kasuwancin Gabashin Asiya kamar gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shan ruwa.
Mutane a Burtaniya daga Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, Asiya Ƙarama da Gabas ta Tsakiya galibi ana kiransu da kalmar "Gabas ta Tsakiya". Waɗannan za su iya haɗawa da Larabawa, Kurdawa, Turkawa, Assuriyawa, Armeniyawan Yammacin Asiya, Yezidis, Masarawa (gami da Copts ), Mandaeans, da sauransu.
A wasu takamaiman yanayi, misali cinikin kafet da kafet, tsohuwar ma'anar "gabas" da ta shafi ba kawai Gabashin Asiya ba har ma da Tsakiyar Asiya, Kudancin Asiya da Turkiyya har yanzu ana iya amfani da ita; kafet na Gabas na iya fitowa daga ɗayan waɗannan yankuna.
Turancin Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar Oriental na iya yin kama da ta daɗe ko kuma a ɗauke ta a matsayin abin ƙyama, musamman idan aka yi amfani da ita azaman suna. [11] John Kuo Wei Tchen, darektan Shirin Nazarin Asiya/Pacific/Amurka da Cibiyar Jami'ar New York, ya ce sukar da aka yi wa kalmar ta fara ne a Amurka a lokacin sauyin al'adu a shekarun 1970. Ya ce: "Tare da ƙungiyar yaƙi da yaƙi ta Amurka a shekarun 1960 da farkon 1970, yawancin 'yan Asiya 'yan Amurka sun gano kalmar 'Oriental' tare da tsarin Yammacin duniya na nuna wariyar launin fata ga 'yan Asiya a matsayin wanda ke adawa da 'wasu ' har abada , [12] ta hanyar bambance tsakanin asalin kakannin "Yamma" da "Gabas".
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Definition of ORIENTAL". Merriam-webster.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "LewisWigen1997". - ↑ "Senate bill (pdf file)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009.
- ↑ "About Japan: A Teacher's Resource | What's the Matter with Saying 'The Orient'? | Japan Society". Aboutjapan.japansociety.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2026.
- ↑ Aspinall, Peter (January 2005). "Language matters: The vocabulary of racism in health care". Journal of Health Services Research & Policy (in Turanci). 10 (1): 57–59. doi:10.1177/135581960501000112. ISSN 1355-8196. PMID 15667706.
- ↑ "Judges given new advice on political correctness - Crime - UK - The Independent". Independent.co.uk. 2012-01-26. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
- ↑ "Order oriental in east london| ChefOnline". Chefonline.co.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ "Welcome | Oriental". Orientalbexleyheath.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2026.
- ↑ "2021 Census: Ethnic group, England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ↑ "2011 Census: KS201UK Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". Ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2026.
- ↑ "Definition of ORIENTAL". Merriam-webster.com.
- ↑ "Oriental: Rugs or People?". nyu.edu. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
