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野

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 埜
野 U+91CE, 野
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CE
← 重
[U+91CD] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 量 →
[U+91CF]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

野 (Kangxi radical 166, 里+4, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 田土弓戈弓 (WGNIN), four-corner 67122, composition ⿰里予)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1291, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40133
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1793, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3683, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91CE

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 野
alternative forms
㙒
墅
埜
𡐨
壄
㙒
墅
埜
𡐨
壄
𡑀
 

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (予) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
野 *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ
壄 *laːʔ
序 *ljaʔ
抒 *ljaʔ, *hlja, *ɦljaʔ
芧 *l'aʔ
杼 *l'aʔ, *ɦljaʔ
墅 *ɦljaːʔ
舒 *hlja
紓 *hlja, *ɦljaʔ
妤 *la
伃 *la
予 *la, *laʔ
預 *las
忬 *las
豫 *las
蕷 *las
澦 *las

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ): semantic 田 (“field”) + semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ).

Etymology 1

[edit]

Various etymologies have been proposed:

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • Meixian:
    • ya1 - vernacular;
    • ya3 - literary.
Note:
  • iǎ - literary;
  • ià - vernacular.
Note: 6ye (Suzhounese) - literary.
Note:
  • ia3 - vernacular;
  • ie3 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 野
    Mandarin Beijing /iɛ²¹⁴/
    Harbin /iɛ²¹³/
    Tianjin /ie¹³/
    Jinan /iə⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /iə⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /iɛ⁵³/
    Xi'an /iɛ⁵³/
    Xining /i⁵³/
    Yinchuan /ie⁵³/
    Lanzhou /iə⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /iɤ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ie⁴²/
    Chengdu /ie⁵³/
    Guiyang /ie⁴²/
    Kunming /iɛ⁵³/
    Nanjing /ie²¹²/
    Hefei /i²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /ie⁵³/
    Pingyao /ie̞⁵³/
    Hohhot /ie⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦia²³/
    Suzhou /ɦiɑ³¹/
    Hangzhou /ʔie̞⁵³/
    /ʔi⁵³/
    Wenzhou /i³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /ie³⁵/
    /ia³⁵/
    Tunxi /ia²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ie⁴¹/
    /ia⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /iɒ⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /iɑ²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /ia⁴⁴/
    /ia³¹/
    Taoyuan /ʒɑ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /jɛ²³/
    Nanning /jɛ²⁴/
    Hong Kong /jɛ¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ia⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ia³²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ia²¹/
    /ia⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ia⁵³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ze²¹³/
    /ia²¹³/
    Rime
    Character 野
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 以 (36)
    Final (韻) 麻 (100)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 羊者切
    Baxter yaeX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/jiaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/jiaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/iaX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/jiaX/
    Li
    Rong         		/iaX/
    Wang
    Li         		/jĭaX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/i̯aX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yě
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		je5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 野
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yě
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ yæX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*lAʔ/
    English open country

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 野
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 15722
    Phonetic
    component         		予
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		野
    Old
    Chinese         		/*laːʔ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    野

    1. countryside; field; outskirts; wilderness
    2. plain; open country; open space
    3. area; region; boundary
    4. (among) the people; not in power; out of office
    5. unadorned; unaffected; simple; plain
    6. wild; not domesticated; stray
    7. feral; untamed; unrestrained
    8. rough; coarse; violent; boorish; rude
    9. unofficial; informal; illegal
    10. a surname

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 野
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 常 (25)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 承與切
    Baxter dzyoX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡ʑɨʌX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡ʑiɔX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡ʑiɔX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡ʑɨə̆X/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʑiɔX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ʑĭoX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ʑi̯woX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		syu6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 野
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 15729
    Phonetic
    component         		予
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		野
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɦljaʔ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    野

    1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) original form of 墅 (shù, “field; field hut; detached residence”)

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
    Particularly: “Hokkien 野 (iá) related to 猶 / 犹 (iá, “still; yet”)? or 遐 (hiah, “so; that”)? or 誠 / 诚 (chiâⁿ, “very”)?”

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Note: 6ye (Suzhounese) - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 野
    Mandarin Beijing /iɛ²¹⁴/
    Harbin /iɛ²¹³/
    Tianjin /ie¹³/
    Jinan /iə⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /iə⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /iɛ⁵³/
    Xi'an /iɛ⁵³/
    Xining /i⁵³/
    Yinchuan /ie⁵³/
    Lanzhou /iə⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /iɤ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ie⁴²/
    Chengdu /ie⁵³/
    Guiyang /ie⁴²/
    Kunming /iɛ⁵³/
    Nanjing /ie²¹²/
    Hefei /i²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /ie⁵³/
    Pingyao /ie̞⁵³/
    Hohhot /ie⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦia²³/
    Suzhou /ɦiɑ³¹/
    Hangzhou /ʔie̞⁵³/
    /ʔi⁵³/
    Wenzhou /i³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /ie³⁵/
    /ia³⁵/
    Tunxi /ia²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ie⁴¹/
    /ia⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /iɒ⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /iɑ²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /ia⁴⁴/
    /ia³¹/
    Taoyuan /ʒɑ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /jɛ²³/
    Nanning /jɛ²⁴/
    Hong Kong /jɛ¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ia⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ia³²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ia²¹/
    /ia⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ia⁵³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ze²¹³/
    /ia²¹³/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    野

    1. (literary or Eastern Min, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien, Wu) very; quite
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
    Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 超級, 真
    Harbin 嘎嘎
    Malaysia 很, 西北
    Singapore 很, 非常
    Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
    Weifang (Weicheng) 綦, 真
    Jinan 挺, 楞
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 很
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 很, 好
    Chongqing 很
    Chongqing (Changshou) 很, 好
    Wuhan 蠻, 很
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
    Hefei 很
    Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
    Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
    Taishan 好, 十分之
    Yangjiang 好
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
    Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
    Gan Nanchang 蠻
    Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還
    Huidong (Daling) 好
    Wuhua (Meilin) 好
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
    Changting 野
    Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
    Liancheng 樣
    Ninghua 好
    Ruijin 蠻
    Shicheng 蠻
    Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
    Hong Kong 好
    Sabah (Bao'an) 好
    Kuching (Hepo) 很
    Singapore (Dabu) 好
    Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
    Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
    Singapore (Fuqing) 真
    Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
    Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
    Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
    Jinjiang 野, 萬代
    Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
    Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
    Dongshan 真, 非常
    Taipei 真, 誠
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
    Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
    Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
    Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
    Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
    Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
    Hsinchu 真, 誠
    Kinmen 足, 誠
    Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
    Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
    Klang (Hokkien) 野
    Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
    Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
    Medan (Hokkien) 按呢, 真, 誠, 真正
    Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
    Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
    Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
    Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
    Bangkok (Teochew) 好
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
    Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
    Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
    Haikou 但顧
    Qionghai 但顧, 真
    Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
    Puxian Min Putian 煞, 絕, 滿定, 盡力篤, 若何, 連天, 裂地, 萬靆
    Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 確傷
    Xianyou 煞, 絕, 滿定, 盡力篤, 盡篤, 若何, 一貢, 連天, 裂地
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好, 蠻
    Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 蠻, 交關
    Shanghai (Jiading) 蠻, 交關
    Shanghai (Chongming) 蠻, 交關
    Suzhou 蠻, 窮, 交關
    Danyang 蠻, 交關
    Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
    Shaoxing 蠻, 蠻蠻, 呆呆, 交關
    Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
    Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
    Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
    Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
    Shuangfeng 蠻

    Etymology 4

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of 野 – see 嘢 (“thing; matter; stuff; etc.”).
    (This character is a variant form of 嘢).

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    野

    (Second grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    As the original form of 墅 (“villa”):

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Alternative forms

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    野
    の
    Grade: 2
    kun'yomi

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

      ⟨no1⟩ → /nʷo/ → /no/

      From Old Japanese.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      野(の) • (no) 

      1. an area, field
        Synonyms: 野原 (nohara), 野っ原 (noppara), 野良 (nora)
      2. the hidden part of a structure
        Antonym: 化粧 (keshō)
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Prefix

      [edit]

      野(の) • (no-) 

      1. wild
        The template Template:ja-usex-inline does not use the parameter(s): 
        sort=の
        Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.        野(の)兎(うさぎ) ― no usagi ― wild rabbit
      2. rustic, unsophisticated
      Derived terms
      [edit]
      Idioms
      [edit]
      Proverbs
      [edit]

      Proper noun

      [edit]

      野(の) • (No) 

      1. a surname

      Etymology 2

      [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        野
        や
        Grade: 2
        on'yomi

        From Middle Chinese 野 (MC yaeX).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Affix

        [edit]

        野(や) • (ya) 

        1. field, plain
        2. natural, pristine
        3. rough
        4. bare, open
        5. extant, scope, sphere
        6. civil, non-governmental
        7. (baseball) ground
        8. short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke no kuni): Shimotsuke Province
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        野(や) • (ya) 

        1. an area, field
          Synonyms: 野原 (nohara), 野っ原 (noppara), 野良 (nora)
        2. a private or civil matter
          Synonym: 民間 (minkan)
        Idioms
        [edit]

        Adjective

        [edit]

        野(や) • (ya) †-nari

        1. (archaic) rustic, unsophisticated
        Inflection
        [edit]
        Classical conjugation of "野なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
        Stem forms
        Irrealis (未然形) 野なら やなら yanara
        Continuative (連用形) 野に[1]
        野なり[2]        		 やに
        やなり        		 yani
        yanari
        Terminal (終止形) 野なり やなり yanari
        Attributive (連体形) 野なる やなる yanaru
        Realis (已然形) 野なれ やなれ yanare
        Imperative (命令形) 野なれ やなれ yanare
        Key constructions
        Negative 野ならず やならず yanarazu
        Contrasting conjunction 野なれど やなれど yanaredo
        Causal conjunction 野なれば やなれば yanareba
        Conditional conjunction 野ならば やならば yanaraba
        Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 野なりき やなりき yanariki
        Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 野なりけり やなりけり yanarikeri
        Adverbial 野に やに yani

        [1]Without auxiliary verb.
        [2]With auxiliary verb.

        References

        [edit]
        1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

        Korean

        [edit]

        Alternative forms

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Middle Chinese 野 (MC yaeX).

        Historical readings
        Dongguk Jeongun reading
        Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 양〯 (Yale: yǎ)
        Middle Korean
        Text Eumhun
        Gloss (hun) Reading
        Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] ᄆᆡ〮 (Yale: móy) 야〯 (Yale: yǎ)

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠(ː)]
        • Phonetic hangul: [야(ː)]
          • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

        Hanja

        [edit]
        Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

        野 (eumhun 들 야 (deul ya))

        1. hanja form? of 야 (“field; area”)
        2. hanja form? of 야 (“wild; savage; untamed”)

        Compounds

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]
        Hanja in this term
        野

        野 • (ya) (hangeul 야)

        1. (in news headlines) short for 野(야)黨(당) (yadang, “(politics) the opposition party”)
          Antonym: 與(여) (yeo, “(politics) the ruling party”)

        Usage notes

        [edit]

        A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

        Derived terms

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]
        • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

        Old Japanese

        [edit]

        Etymology 1

        [edit]

        From Proto-Japonic *no.

        Pronunciation appears to be distinct from の (no2, possessive and case-marker particle).

        Noun

        [edit]

        野 (no1) (kana の)

        1. an area, field
        Derived terms
        [edit]
        Descendants
        [edit]
        • Japanese: 野 (no)

        Etymology 2

        [edit]

        The second sense is based on 国学 (kokugaku) scholars' reading of man'yōgana 努, 怒, 弩, etc. as ⟨nu⟩ instead of ⟨no1⟩ before regional differences in Old Japanese terms of were discovered.

        Noun

        [edit]

        野 (nu) (kana ぬ)

        1. (regional, Eastern Old Japanese) an area, field
          • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4387:
            , text here
            知波乃奴乃古乃弖加之波能保保麻例等阿夜爾加奈之美於枳弖他加枳奴
            Tiba-no2-nu no2 ko1no2te-gasipa no2 popomaredo2 aya ni kanasimi1 oki1te ta ga ki1nu
            (please add an English translation of this usage example)
        2. misspelling of 野 (no1), from the view of an Edo-period scholar of the Man'yōshū and other Old Japanese literature
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        Vietnamese

        [edit]

        Han character

        [edit]

        野: Hán Việt readings: dã (以(dĩ)者(giả)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
        野: Nôm readings: nhả[1][2], rã[1]

        1. chữ Hán form of dã
          1. (only in compounds) countryside; field; plain
          2. (only in compounds) wild, savage, rustic
        2. chữ Nôm form of nhả (“to stop holding in mouth, to spit out”)
          • 12th or 15th century, 佛說大報父母重經 [Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh]‎[5], page 11b:
            本𱺵把恩呐古䔲野古兀。
            Bốn là trả ơn nuốt của đắng nhả của ngọt.
            The fourth is the kindness of swallowing the bitter and spitting out the sweet.

        Compounds

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        References

        [edit]
        1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
        2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
        3. ^ Trần (2004).
        4. ^ Hồ (1976).
        5. ^ Bonet (1899).
        6. ^ Génibrel (1898).
        7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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