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vos

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Afrikaans

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Etymology

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Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /fɔs/
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

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vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)

  1. fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

Derived terms

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Aragonese

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Etymology

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From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /bos/
  • Syllabification: vos
  • Rhymes: -os

Pronoun

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vos

  1. you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
  2. (to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

Synonyms

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Catalan

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Etymology

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    Inherited from Latin vōs.

    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

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    vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)

    1. you (plural, direct or indirect object)

    Usage notes

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    • -vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
      Heu de quedar-vos aquí.You must stay here.

    Declension

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    Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
    strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
    proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
    singular 1st
    person
    standard jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
    majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
    2nd
    person
    standard tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
    formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
    very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
    3rd
    person
    m ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
    f ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
    n ho -ho li -li seu
    plural
    1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
    2nd
    person
    standard vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
    formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
    3rd
    person
    m ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
    f elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
    3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
    adverbial ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
    locative hi -hi

    1 Behaves grammatically as plural.   2 Behaves grammatically as third person.
    3 Only as object of a preposition.   4 Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

    Further reading

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    Chavacano

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    Alternative forms

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    • bo (common)

    Etymology

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    Inherited from Spanish vos.

    Pronunciation

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    IPA(key): /bo/ [bo] (colloquial or Ternateño)

    Pronoun

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    vos

    1. you (singular)

    Derived terms

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    See also

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    Czech

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    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    vos f

    1. genitive plural of vosa

    Danish

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    Pronoun

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    vos

    1. (dialectal) pronunciation spelling of os
      • 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:
        Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
      • 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:
        Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
      • 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:
        Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

    Dutch

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    Een vos met een prooi. — A fox with a prey.
    Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia nl
    Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia nl
    Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia nl

    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

    Noun

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    vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)

    1. fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
    2. (particularly) red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
      Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos
    3. fox fur
    4. a crafty, ingenious person
      Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.
      Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.
    5. horse with red or red-brown fur
    6. a tortoiseshell (any of various similar nymphalid butterflies)
      Hyponyms: kleine vos, grote vos
    Derived terms
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    Descendants
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    • Afrikaans: vos
    • Jersey Dutch: vośe
    • Negerhollands: vos

    Etymology 2

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    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Verb

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    vos

    1. inflection of vossen:
      1. first-person singular present indicative
      2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
      3. imperative

    Further reading

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    • vos” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

    Fala

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    Etymology

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    Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

    Pronoun

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    vos m pl or f pl

    1. Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
    2. (Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

    Usage notes

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    • In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
    • Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

    See also

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    Fala personal pronouns
    nominative dative accusative disjunctive
    singular first person ei me, -mi mi
    second person te, -ti ti
    third
    person
    m el le, -li uLV, oM el
    f ela a ela
    plural first
    person
    common nos musL
    nusLV
    nos, -nusM
    nos
    m noshotrusM noshotrusM
    f noshotrasM noshotrasM
    second
    person
    common vos vusLV
    vos, -vusM
    vos
    m voshotrusM voshotrusM
    f voshotrasM voshotrasM
    third
    person
    m elis le, -li usLV, osM elis
    f elas as elas
    third person reflexive se, -si

    Dialects:  L Lagarteiru   M Mañegu   V Valverdeñu

    References

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    • Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web), 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 284

    Franco-Provençal

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    Etymology

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    Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

    Pronoun

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    vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)

    1. you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

    Derived terms

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    See also

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    Franco-Provençal personal pronouns
    nominative accusative dative tonic1 possessive2
    singular 1st person jo min
    2nd person te tin
    3rd person masculine il lo / le lui sin
    feminine el la lyé
    neuter o y
    reflexive
    plural 1st person nos noutro
    2nd person vos voutro
    3rd person masculine ils los / les lor lor
    feminine els les lor / lyés
    reflexive

    1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   2 Generally preceded by a definite article.

    References

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    • vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
    • vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

    French

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    Etymology

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    Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (your, plural accusative).

    Pronunciation

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    Determiner

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    vos pl

    1. plural of votre; your (plural or formal you)
      Vos parents sont très gentils.
      Your parents are very nice.
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    French possessive determiners
    possessee
    singular plural
    m f
    possessor singular 1st mon1 ma mes
    2nd ton1 ta tes
    3rd son1 sa ses
    plural 1st notre nos
    2nd votre2 vos2
    3rd leur leurs
    1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
    2 Also used as the polite singular form.
    For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

    Further reading

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    Galician

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    Pronoun

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    vos

    1. inflection of vós:
      1. accusative/dative
      2. reflexive

    Icelandic

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    Etymology

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    Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (to wash).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)

    1. wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

    Declension

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    Declension of vos (neuter)
    singular plural
    indefinite definite indefinite definite
    nominative vos vosið vos vosin
    accusative vos vosið vos vosin
    dative vosi vosinu vosum vosunum
    genitive voss vossins vosa vosanna

    References

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    • Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

    Interlingua

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    Etymology

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    From Latin vōs (you, plural).

    Pronoun

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    vos

    1. you (plural)

    Ladino

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    Etymology

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    From Old Spanish vosotros.

    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

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    vos (Hebrew spelling בﬞוס)

    1. you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
    2. accusative of vozotros
    3. accusative of vozotras

    Latin

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    Etymology

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      From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

      Pronunciation

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      Pronoun

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      vōs

      1. you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of
        • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.200–202:
          Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs
          accestis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpea saxa
          expertī [...].”
          You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.”
          (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

      Usage notes

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      The functions that would be carried out by the genitive case of a noun are divided among multiple forms:

      • vester is a possessive adjective, used attributively or predicatively with a noun. It is inflected to agree in case and number with the associated noun.
      • vestrī (the neuter singular genitive form of vester) is used as the object of a word that governs the genitive case (such as a verb, often in the gerund or gerundive, or an adjective).
      • vestrum (the short-form masculine genitive plural of vester) is used in partitive constructions: e.g. nēmō vestrum "none of you". Anteclassically, the long forms vostrōrum (masculine; an old form of vestrōrum) and vostrārum (feminine; an old form of vestrārum) were also used with this function.

      Declension

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      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      See also

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      Latin personal and reflexive pronouns
      singular plural
      first second third reflexive first second third reflexive
      m f n m f n
      nominative egō̆ is ea id nōs vōs
      eae ea
      genitive objective meī
      mīs1
      tuī
      tīs1
      eius suī nostrī vestrī
      vostrī1
      eōrum
      eum
      eārum eōrum
      eum
      suī
      partitive nostrum vestrum
      vostrum1
      dative mihī̆
      tibī̆ sibī̆ nōbīs vōbīs eīs sibī̆
      accusative
      mēmē2+3
      mēd1

      tētē2+3
      tēd1
      eum eam id
      sēsē2
      nōs vōs eōs eās ea
      sēsē2
      ablative
      mēmē2+3
      mēd1

      tētē2+3
      tēd1

      sēsē2
      nōbīs vōbīs eīs
      sēsē2
      vocative egō̆ nōs vōs
      1. Pre-classical.
      2. Emphatic.
      3. Rare.

      References

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      • vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
      • vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
      • "vos", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
      • vos”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
      • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
        • picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite
        • not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer

      Lithuanian

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      Etymology

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      Cognate with Proto-Slavic *edъva (barely); see there for more.[1]

      Pronunciation

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      • IPA(key): [²ˈʋoːs]
      • Rhymes: -oːs
      • Syllabification: võs

      Adverb

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      võs (not comparable)

      1. hardly, barely

      Derived terms

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      References

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      1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

      Middle Dutch

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      Etymology

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      From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

      Noun

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      vos m

      1. fox, red fox

      Inflection

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      Strong masculine noun
      singular plural
      nominative vos vosse
      accusative vos vosse
      genitive vos vosse
      dative vosse vossen

      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      Further reading

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      • vos”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
      • Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “vos”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

      Occitan

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      Etymology

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      From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (you, plural).

      Pronunciation

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      Pronoun

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      vos

      1. to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
      2. yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

      Old French

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      Alternative forms

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      Etymology

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        From Latin vōs (you, plural).

        Pronunciation

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        Pronoun

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        vos

        1. you, ye (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
        2. your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
        3. yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
        4. you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)

        Descendants

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        • Middle French: vous
          • French: vous
            • Haitian Creole: ou
            • Louisiana Creole: vou
        • Walloon: vos

        Old Occitan

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        Etymology

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        From Latin vōs (you, plural).

        Pronoun

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        vos

        1. you (plural or polite form)

        Descendants

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        Piedmontese

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        Alternative forms

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        Etymology

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        From Latin vōx.

        Pronunciation

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        Noun

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        vos f (plural vos)

        1. voice

        Portuguese

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        Etymology

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          Inherited from Latin vōs.

          Pronunciation

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          Pronoun

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          vos

          1. objective of vós
            É por isso que vos digo que...
            That is why I tell you (all) that...

          See also

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          Portuguese personal pronouns
          number person nominative
          (subject)
          accusative
          (direct object)
          dative
          (indirect object)
          prepositional prepositional
          with com
          non-declining
          singular first eu me mim comigo
          second tu te ti contigo você
          o senhor m
          a senhora f
          third m ele o (lo, no) lhe ele com ele o mesmo
          f ela a (la, na) ela com ela a mesma
          plural first nós nos nós connosco (Portugal)
          conosco (Brazil)
          a gente
          second vós vos vós convosco
          com vós
          vocês
          os senhores m
          as senhoras f
          third m eles os (los, nos) lhes eles com eles os mesmos
          f elas as (las, nas) elas com elas as mesmas
          reflexive third /
          indefinite
          se si consigo o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

          Sardinian

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          Alternative forms

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          Etymology

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          From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (you).

          Pronunciation

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          • IPA(key): /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

          Pronoun

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          vos (possessive vostru)

          1. you (plural), ye
            Synonyms: vois, vosateros

          Slovene

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          Etymology

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          Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ. First attested in the 18th century.

          Pronunciation

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          Noun

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          vọ̑s m inan

          1. (obsolete) hair
          2. (obsolete) moustache

          Further reading

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          • vos”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2026

          Spanish

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          Alternative forms

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          Etymology

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          Inherited from Latin vōs (you, plural), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

          Pronunciation

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          • IPA(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
          • Rhymes: -os
          • Syllabification: vos

          Pronoun

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          Voseo in Latin America

          vos (oblique te, preposed possessive determiner tu, possessive pronoun/postposed or standalone possessive determiner tuyo)

          1. (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Central America, Chiapas, Zulia, parts of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Philippines) you, familiar form of the second-person singular pronoun
            Synonym:
            ¿Cómo te va? Bien, ¿y vos?How are you? Good, and you?
            Estoy de acuerdo con vos.I agree with you.
          2. (archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
            Vos, doña Juana, sois caritativa.
            You, Doña Juana, are charitable.

          Usage notes

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          • In Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, is almost completely replaced with vos.
          • In the other highlighted countries, the use of vos alternates with tuteo in more formal situations.
          • In Nicaragua, is only occasionally used.
          • In Colombia, vos is used in the Paisa region and in the Valle del Cauca, La Guajira, Nariño, southern Cauca, northern Tolima, and northern Cesar departments.

          Derived terms

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          [edit]

          Descendants

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          • Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

          See also

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          Spanish personal pronouns
          Nominative Disjunctive Dative Accusative Comitative
          First-person Singular yo me conmigo
          Plural Masculine1 nosotros nos
          Feminine nosotras
          Second-person Singular Tuteo ti te contigo
          Voseo vos
          Formal2 Masculine1 usted le, se3 lo
          Feminine la
          Plural Familiar4 Masculine1 vosotros os
          Feminine vosotras
          Formal/general2 Masculine1 ustedes les, se3 los
          Feminine las
          Third-person Singular Masculine1 él le, se3 lo
          Feminine ella la
          Neuter ello5 lo
          Plural Masculine1 ellos les, se3 los
          Feminine ellas las
          Reflexive se consigo
          1. Like other masculine words, masculine pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
          2. Treated as if it were third person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity.
          3. If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g. se lo dije instead of *le lo dije).
          4. Used primarily in Spain.
          5. Only used in certain circumstances and rarely as a subject pronoun.

          Further reading

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          Walloon

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          Etymology

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          Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (you, plural), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

          Pronunciation

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          Pronoun

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          vos

          1. you (singular)
          2. you (plural)

          Synonyms

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