dis-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dis"

Languages (19)

Catalan • Cornish • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • French • Friulian • German • Gothic • Ido • Indonesian • Irish • Italian • Latin • Middle English • Portuguese • Spanish • Welsh

Page categories

English

Alternative forms

di-, dif-, dir-

Etymology

From Middle English dis-, borrowed from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Piecewise doublet of bis-; further related to bi-, di-, and twi-.

Often confused with the separately inherited prefix dys-.

Pronunciation

enPR: dĭs-, dĭs′-
(Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada, Australia, Scotland, India) IPA^(key): /¦dɪs-/, /¦dɪs-/
- Audio: (file)
(New Zealand) IPA^(key): /dəs-/, /ˌdəs-/

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.
Particularly: "(New Zealand)"

Rhymes: -ɪs
Homophones: dis, diss, dys-
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

Not, the reverse of. (Especially forming words with a negative connotation)
Synonyms: un-, non-, de-, in-, an-, a-

‎dis- + ‎agree → ‎disagree

‎dis- + ‎connect → ‎disconnect

‎dis- + ‎satisfied → ‎dissatisfied

‎dis- + ‎interested → ‎disinterested

‎dis- + ‎honour → ‎dishonour
Expressing separation or removal.
‎dis- + ‎card → ‎discard (“to throw out a card”)

‎dis- + ‎bar → ‎disbar (“to expel from the bar”)

‎dis- + ‎franchise → ‎disfranchise (“to remove one's franchise, to prevent from voting”)
Used as an intensifier.
‎dis- + ‎embowel → ‎disembowel

‎dis- + ‎annul → ‎disannul (“to annul”)
Alternative form of dys- (“incorrect”).
‎dis- + ‎function → ‎disfunction

Usage notes

When attached to a verbal root, prefixes often change the first vowel (whether initial or preceded by a consonant/consonant cluster) of that verb. These phonological changes took place in Latin and usually do not apply to words created (as in New Latin) from Latin components since Latin became a 'dead' language. Note: the combination of prefix and following vowel did not always yield the same change. Also, these changes in vowels are not necessarily particular to being prefixed with dis- (i.e. other prefixes sometimes cause the same vowel change- see con-, ex-).

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with dis-

Translations

NOTE: Words using the prefix dis- do not necessarily use the prefixes given here when translated. See individual words for more accurate translations.

reversal or removal

Armenian: ապ- (ap-)
Catalan: des- (ca)
French: dé- (fr)
Galician: des- (gl)
Georgian: please add this translation if you can
German: ent- (de)
Greek: απο- (el) (apo-)
Hungarian: el- (hu), le- (hu), ki- (hu)
Ido: des-
Indonesian: dis-
Latin: dis-
Malay: nyah- (ms)
Middle English: dis-, de-
Polish: de- (pl), dez-, roz- (pl), od- (pl)
Portuguese: des- (pt), dis- (pt)
Russian: без(ъ)- (ru) (bez(ʺ)-), бес(ъ)- (ru) (bes(ʺ)-), не- (ru) (ne-), дис- (ru) (dis-), де- (ru) (de-)
Scottish Gaelic: di-, eas-
Spanish: des- (es), dis- (es)

apart

Dutch: ont- (nl)
French: dé- (fr)
Georgian: please add this translation if you can
German: ent- (de)
Greek: απο- (el) (apo-)
Hungarian: szét- (hu)
Ido: dis-
Indonesian: dis-
Polish: de- (pl), dez-, roz- (pl), od- (pl)
Russian: от(ъ)- (ru) (ot(ʺ)-), с(ъ)- (ru) (s(ʺ)-)

References

“dis-”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, editors (1895–1910), “dis-”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

Anagrams

IDs, SDI, sid, I-Ds, ISD, DSI, IDS, ids, sid', Sid, SID, I.D.s

Catalan

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [dis]
Hyphenation: dis-

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δῠσ- (dŭs-).

Prefix

dis-

dys- (bad)
‎dis- + ‎-fàsia (“-phasia”) → ‎disfàsia (“dysphasia”)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

Prefix

dis-

indicates negation
‎dis- + ‎sort (“luck”) → ‎dissort (“misfortune”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms prefixed with dis-

Cornish

Etymology

Presumably from di- with epenthetic s, possibly influenced by Latin dis-. Compare Welsh dis-.

Prefix

dis-

un-, non-, -less
Synonyms: an-, heb, di-, on-

‎dis- + ‎gul (“to do”) → ‎diswul (“to undo”)

Derived terms

Cornish terms prefixed with dis-

Mutation

Mutation of *dis-*
radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
dis-	dhis-	unchanged	tis-	tis-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Danish

Etymology

Derived from Latin dis-.

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Derived terms

Category Danish terms prefixed with dis- not found

References

“dis-” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology

Ultimately from Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɪs-/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Derived terms

Dutch terms prefixed with dis-

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁

▲

Proto-Indo-European *trísinflu.

Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-

Proto-Italic *dis-

Latin dis-bor.

Esperanto dis-

Borrowed from Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis/
Audio: (file)
Syllabification: dis-
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

shows separation, dissemination
‎dis- + ‎semi (“to sow”) → ‎dissemi (“to disseminate”)

‎dis- + ‎ŝiri (“to tear”) → ‎disŝiri (“to tear to pieces”)

Derived terms

French

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited dé-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis/
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Derived terms

French terms prefixed with dis-

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. See also s-.

Prefix

dis-

dis-
‎dis- + ‎sglonfâ (“to inflate”) → ‎disglonfâ (“to deflate”)

‎dis- + ‎florî (“to bloom”) → ‎disflorî (“to wither”)
as intensifier
‎dis- + ‎sfidâ (“to challenge”) → ‎disfidâ (“to compete”)

‎dis- + ‎scuvierzi (“to discover, to uncover”) → ‎discuvierzi (“to find out, to unveil”)

Derived terms

Friulian terms prefixed with dis-

discjantâ

discuvierzi

disleâ

German

Alternative forms

di-, dif-, dir-

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dɪs-]
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

dis-
Synonyms: un-, zer-

‎dis- + ‎Harmonie (“harmony”) → ‎Disharmonie (“disharmony”)

‎dis- + ‎harmonisch (“harmonious”) → ‎disharmonisch (“disharmonious”)

Derived terms

German terms prefixed with dis-

Disharmonie

disharmonisch

Gothic

Romanization

dis-

romanization of 𐌳𐌹𐍃-

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto dis-, Latin dis-, Ancient Greek δῐ́ς (dĭ́s), English dis-, French dis-, German dis-, Italian dis-, Russian дис- (dis-), Spanish dis-; all from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice”), from *dwóh₁ (“two”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis/
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

shows separation or dissemination

Derived terms

Ido terms prefixed with dis-

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch dis-, from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

Pronunciation

(Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /dis/ [dɪs]
Syllabification: dis-

Prefix

dis-

dis- (reversal, removal; apart)

Derived terms

Indonesian terms prefixed with dis-

disabilitas

diskualifikasi

disorganisasi

Irish

Prefix

dis-

alternative form of dios-

Mutation

Mutated forms of *dis-*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
dis-	dhis-	ndis-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Doublet of s-. Sometimes from Old French des-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˌdis/, (before vowels and voiced consonants) /ˌdiz/
Hyphenation: dìs-

Prefix

dis-

dis-
‎dis- + ‎fare (“do”) → ‎disfare (“undo”)

‎dis- + ‎organizzare (“organize”) → ‎disorganizzare (“disorganize”)

Derived terms

Italian terms prefixed with dis-

Latin

Alternative forms

dī-, dif- (see usage notes)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁

▲

Proto-Indo-European *trísinflu.

Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-

Proto-Italic *dis-

Latin dis-

Inherited from Proto-Italic *dis-,^[1] from Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is- (“in two, apart”), ultimate details are disputed.

The loss of the *w is also found in all descendants of Proto-Germanic *t(w)iz-,^[2]^[3]^[4] with the exception of the uncommon Gothic 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃- (twis-), interestingly largely displaced by the likely Latin-influenced Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-). It is not evident whether the *w-less form associated with the meaning “apart” is to be dated as late as Italic and Germanic or back to Proto-Indo-European.^[5] Some have attributed the loss of *w to dissimilation when prefixed to verbs starting in *w-, e.g. dīvidō, dīvertō, then regularised to the other cases.^[1]

The meaning of the prefix in the formation difficilis (“difficult”) from facilis (“easy”) cannot be immediately parsed as “apart”. It has been explained as built on the example of similis : dissimilis, which in turn arose as the opposition of consimilis, in the example of common pairs like distrahō : contrahō, etc.^[6] Alternatively it has also been analysed as an initially independent but later conflated prefixation with Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”),^[7]^[1] which itself possibly ultimately shares the same root and semantic development. Compare also displiceō : placeō, as well as its use in Romance descendants.^[3]

The presence of the prefix in Umbrian disleralinsust, of unclear meaning, is disputed.^[3]^[8]^[1]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [dɪs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [dis]
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

asunder, apart, in two
dīmittō ― dismiss, disband

discēdō ― part, separate
reversal, removal
dissimulō ― disguise, conceal
utterly, exceedingly
differtus ― stuffed full

Usage notes

Before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, and v, the prefix becomes dī-.
Before a consonantal i (j), the prefix may become dī- or remain as dis-.
Before f, the prefix becomes dif-.
Before sc, sp, st, the prefix becomes di-.
Before a vowel or h, the prefix becomes dir- in the two verbs diribeō and dirimō, which arose early enough to be subject to rhotacism, but from Classical Latin onwards, dis- is used (see, for example, dishiascō in Cato).

Derived terms

Latin terms prefixed with dis-

Reconstruction:Latin/discaballicare

discido

discalceo

disculcio

Reconstruction:Latin/discalceus

Reconstruction:Latin/disiuno

Reconstruction:Latin/dismenticare

Reconstruction:Latin/dismerdare

Related terms

bis
duo

Descendants

Catalan: des-; → dis-
→ English: dis-
- ⇒ English: disrespect, disparage
  - ⇒ English: diss
    - → Chinese: diss
    - → Dutch: diss, dissen
    - → German: dissen
    - → Polish: diss
    - → Swedish: diss
→ Esperanto: dis-
Franco-Provençal: dè-
French: dé-, dés-; → dis-
Friulian: dis-
→ Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)
Italian: dis-, s-
Norman: des-
Occitan: des-
Old Leonese: des-
- Asturian: des-, es-, s-
- Mirandese: ç-, z-
Portuguese: des-; → dis-
Romanian: des-, dez-
Sicilian: sdi-, s-
Spanish: des-; → dis-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “dis-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 171
^ Walde & Hofmann LEW, volume 1, pages 354f.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Ernout & Meillet (2001), page 176a: “dis-”
^ Pokorny (1959), page 232: “dis-”
^ Sihler (1995), §389.2Ab page 409
^ Forssman (1992), §38.a page 309
^ Leumann (1977), §339.2 page 400
^ Untermann (2000), pages 180f.: “disleralinsust”

Middle English

Alternative forms

des-, dys-

Etymology

Borrowed from Old French des- and its source Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis-/, /dɛs-/
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

Forms words denoting reversal or removal; dis-, de-.
Synonym: de-
Intensifies words with a negative connotation; dis-, de-.
Synonym: de-

Usage notes

Sometimes used interchangeably with de-; see that entry for more.

Derived terms

Middle English terms prefixed with dis-

Descendants

English: dis- (obsolete des-)

References

“des-, pref.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
“dis-, pref.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒis/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒiʃ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /diʃ/

Hyphenation: dis-

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

Prefix

dis-

dis- (indicates separation)

Derived terms

Portuguese terms prefixed with dis-

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dews-?

Proto-Indo-European *dus-

Proto-Hellenic *dus-

Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-)der.

New Latin dys-lbor.

Portuguese dis-

Learned borrowing from New Latin dys-, from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).

Alternative forms

dys- (obsolete)

Prefix

dis-

(medicine) dys- (forms the names of conditions characterised by difficult or inadequate function)
dys- (bad or wrong)

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis/ [d̪is]
Syllabification: dis-

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Derived terms

Spanish terms prefixed with dis-

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɪs-/
Hyphenation: dis-

Prefix

dis-

intensifying prefix
‎dis- + ‎taw (“quiet, silent”) → ‎distaw (“silent, noiseless”)

‎dis- + ‎pwyll (“consideration”) → ‎disbwyll (“discretion, prudence”)
negative prefix
Synonyms: af-, an-, di-

‎dis- + ‎cloff (“lame”) → ‎disgloff (“sure footed, agile”)

Derived terms

Welsh terms prefixed with dis-

Mutation

Mutated forms of *dis-*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
dis-	ddis-	nis-	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

[De_Vaan:2008-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “dis-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 171

[2] Walde & Hofmann LEW, volume 1, pages 354f.

[Ernout_&_Meillet:2001-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Ernout & Meillet (2001), page 176a: “dis-”

[4] Pokorny (1959), page 232: “dis-”

[5] Sihler (1995), §389.2Ab page 409

[6] Forssman (1992), §38.a page 309

[7] Leumann (1977), §339.2 page 400

[8] Untermann (2000), pages 180f.: “disleralinsust”

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Translations

See also

See also

References

Anagrams

Catalan

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Cornish

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Mutation

Danish

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

See also

References

Dutch

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Friulian

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

German

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Gothic

Romanization

Ido

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Indonesian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Irish

Prefix

Mutation

Italian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

See also