^{page 2 note 1} Petri, F., ‘Zum Stand der Diskussion über die fränkische Landnahme und die Entstehung der germanisch-romanischen Sprachgrenze’, Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter, xv–xvi (1950–1951)Google Scholar.

^{page 3 note 1} Cf. for example Lindemans, J., ‘Toponymische verschijnselen geografisch bewerkt’, Handelingen van de Koninklijke Commissie voor Toponymte en Dialektologie, xxii (1948), 94 sqq., and particularly pp. 125 sqq.Google Scholar, where he speaks of a settlement of the Salian Franks between the Senne and the Lys in the period 370–450. Dhondt, J. (‘Note sur l'origine de la frontière linguistique’, L'Antiquité classique, xxi (1952), p. 108Google Scholar, believes that the Salians established themselves between the Scheldt and the Loire c. 500, but since these rivers flow in quite different directions such an opinion seems some-what lacking in precision. By the same date, the Ripuarians would have already settled in the region east of the Scheldt. Both authors therefore ascribe to the Franks an early phase of settlement, followed by a period of relative stability, though they are in complete disagreement as to when this early phase of settlement occurred, and in neither case do they give any critically established chronology based upon the texts to justify their opinions.

^{page 4 note 1} This is at least the view accepted by the majority of philologists, and, on their authority, by many historians who have not thought of checking them by the texts. The article just cited of my friend and colleague Jean Dhondt, though it does to some extent modify the traditionally accepted zones of Frankish settlement, is almost entirely constructed without reference to strictly historical sources of evidence.

^{page 4 note 2} Victor, Aurelius, Caesares, c. 33Google Scholar; Eutropius, , Breviarium, ix. 8Google Scholar; Orosius, , Hist. adv. pag., vii. 2Google Scholar.

^{page 4 note 3} De Maeyer, R., De Romeinse villa's in België (Antwerp, 1937), pp. 291–2Google Scholar, and Koethe, H., Zur Geschichte Galliens im dritten Viertel des 3. Jahrhunderts (32 Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, 1942; publ. in 1950)Google Scholar, maps of coin hoards.

^{page 4 note 4} Pauly-Wissowa, , Realencyclopädie, xiv (ii), col. 2497Google Scholar.

^{page 4 note 5} Pan. lat., vi. 5 (p. 204), vii. 4 (p. 223), viii. 8 (p. 237), x. 10 (p. 270).

^{page 5 note 1} No doubt the Salians also became dedititii, or at any rate a certain number of them did so, and still were in this position in 358. Cf. Schmidt, L., ‘Aus den Anfängen des salfränkischen Königtums’, Klio, xxxiv (1942), 306Google Scholar.

^{page 5 note 2} Pan. lat., viii. 21 (p. 247).

^{page 5 note 3} Libanius, , Orat, lix. 127Google Scholar, says that they then received some Roman ἂρχοντες. This does not imply that they became foederati, as is supposed by Dhondt, J., De Laet, S. J. and Hombert, P. (‘Quelques considérations sur la fin de la domination romaine et les débuts de la colonisation franque en Belgique’, L'Antiquité classique, xvii (1948), 151)Google Scholar, since they were still dedititii in 358. Nor is it possible, as these authors believe, that they then received permission to settle in the Betuwe, since they were already installed there in the time of Maximian. Cf. above, p. 4, n. 5, and below, p. 6, n. 3.

^{page 5 note 4} Zosimus, , iii, 6, and Libanius, , Orat., xviii. 75Google Scholar.

^{page 5 note 5} Verlinden, C., ‘De Frankische kolonisatie’, in Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, i (Utrecht, 1949), 220Google Scholar.

^{page 6 note 1} Ammianus Marcellinus, xvii. 8, 3.

^{page 6 note 2} Bidez, J., La vie de l'empereur Julien (Paris, 1930), pp. 155 sqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 6 note 3} Dhondt, , De Laet, and Hombert, , art. cit., p. 152Google Scholar (following Zosimus and Ammianus Marcellinus).

^{page 6 note 4} Art. cit., and La fin de la domination romaine et les débuts de la colonisation franque en Belgique (Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent, N.S., iii, 1948), pp. 116 sq. Cf. also De Laet, S. J., ‘De Kempen in de Romeinse en de Vroeg-Merovingische tijd’, Brabants Heem, 1950Google Scholar.

^{page 6 note 5} In the text of Ammianus it is in any case only necessary to omit the comma inserted by the editors after locum to have a perfectly satisfactory text, reading locum as the direct complement of figere and habitacula as in apposition to it.

^{page 7 note 1} ‘Rhenum omnem a Raetiarum exordio ad usque fretalem oceanum magnis molibus communibat’, Amm. Marc., xxviii. 2, 1Google Scholar.

^{page 7 note 2} ‘Saxones caesi Deusone in regione Francorum’, Jerome, , Chronicon (ed. Helm, R., Leipzig, 1913), p. 246Google Scholar.

^{page 7 note 3} Verlinden, C., ‘Deusone in regione Francorum’, Bull. Comm. roy. de Toponymie et Dialectologie, xx (1946), 63–86Google Scholar.

^{page 7 note 4} Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A., The Roman Imperial Coinage, v (ii) (by Webb, P. H., London, 1933), PP.338, 342, 345, 348, 349, 353, 356, 365, 530Google Scholar.

^{page 7 note 5} Cf. Kurth, G., Clovis (3rd ed.), i. 117, n. 6Google Scholar; Gilissen, J., ‘Note sur la colonisation germanique en Brabant’, Revue beige de philologie et d'histoire, xvii (1938), 96Google Scholar; Jullian, C., Histoire de la Gaule, vii. 247, n. 1Google Scholar; Marez, G. Des, Le problème de la colonisation franque, p. 36, n. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 7 note 6} Cf. however Boeren, P. C., ‘Het probleem van de Salische kolonisatie’, Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Dialecten-Commissie van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, x (1947), 53Google Scholar, who returns to Duisburg in Belgian Brabant. The weakness of his reasoning has already been emphasized by Dhondt, , De Laet, and Hombert, , art. cit., p. 155Google Scholar.

^{page 7 note 7} Gysseling, M., ‘Deusone in regione Francorum’, Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent, N.S., iii (1948), 88–92Google Scholar.

^{page 8 note 1} Dhondt, , ‘Note sur Porigine’, p. 110Google Scholar.

^{page 8 note 2} Jordanes, , De summa temporum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum, 309Google Scholar (ed. Mommsen, T. in Mon. Germ. Hist., Auct. Antiq., v. 39)Google Scholar.

^{page 8 note 3} Verlinden, , ‘Deusone in regione Francorum’, pp. 66–8Google Scholar.

^{page 8 note 4} Hist, adv.pag., vii. 32, 10Google Scholar (ed. Zangemeister, C. in Corp. Script, eccl. lat., v. 513)Google Scholar.

^{page 9 note 1} It should be noted, however, that M. Gysseling believes that the Frankish place-names in Campine are late, certainly later than the end of the fourth century. Cf. Dhondt, , De Laet, and Hombert, , art. cit., p. 155Google Scholar.

^{page 9 note 2} Alexander, Sulpicius in Greg. Turon., ii. 9 (Mon. Germ. Hist., Script, rer. Merov., i. 72)Google Scholar.

^{page 10 note 1} Verlinden, in Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, i. 227Google Scholar.

^{page 10 note 2} Byvanck, A. W., Nederland in den Romeinscken tijd, ii (1943), 685Google Scholar; von Petrikovits, H., ‘Reichs-, Macht- und Volkstumgrenze am linken Niederrhein im 3. und 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr.’, Festschrift A. Oxé (1938), p. 239Google Scholar.

^{page 10 note 3} Verlinden, , ‘De Franken en Aëtius’, Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, i (1946), 2Google Scholar.

^{page 10 note 4} Gysseling, M., ‘De Romeinsche kustverdediging in Belgica secunda volgens de Notitia Dignitatum’, Feestbundel H. J. van de Wyer (1944), pp. 287–301Google Scholar, and Vannérus, J., ‘Portus Aepatiaci lez Boulogne’, Revue des études anciennes, xlvi (1944), 299–317Google Scholar.

^{page 11 note 1} Tiro, Prosper, Epitoma chronicon, ed. Mommsen, in Mon. Germ. Hist., Auct. Antiq., ix. 472Google Scholar. Cf. Cassiodorus, Chronicon, ed. Mommsen in Ibid., xi. 156.

^{page 11 note 2} Cf. on this Verlinden, , ‘De Franken en Aëtius’, pp. 5, 8, 9Google Scholar.

^{page 11 note 3} Stein, E., Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches, i (Vienna, 1928), 478Google Scholar.

^{page 11 note 4} Verlinden, , art. cit., p. 9Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 5} Ibid., p. 11.

^{page 11 note 6} v. 211–30 (Auct. Antiq., viii. 193)Google Scholar.

^{page 11 note 7} ‘De Franken en Aëtius’, p. 12.

^{page 11 note 8} Schmidt, L., ‘Aus den Anfängen des salfränkischen Königtums’, Klio, xxxiv. 308Google Scholar. Cf. also Petrikovits, , art. cit., p. 239Google Scholar.

^{page 12 note 1} Bull. Soc. Antiq. de France, 1880, p. 93.

^{page 12 note 2} Loyen, A., ‘A la recherche de Vicus Helena’, Revue des études anciennes, xlvi (1944), 121–34Google Scholar. Cf. also an earlier work of the same scholar, , Recherches historiques sur les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire (Paris, 1942), pp. 59 sqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 12 note 3} Recherches historiques, p. 73, and ‘A la recherche de Vicus Helena’, p. 132.

^{page 12 note 4} Cf. above, p. 11.

^{page 12 note 5} Fragm. 16 of Priscus in Muller, C., Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, iv (1851), 98–9Google Scholar, and Jordanes, , Getica, 191Google Scholar.

^{page 13 note 1} Verlinden, , ‘De Franken en Aëtius’, p. 13Google Scholar.

^{page 13 note 2} Verlinden, , ‘De Frankische kolonisatie’ (see above, p. 5, n. 5)Google Scholar; De Laet, S. J., ‘La Gaule septentrionale à l'époque romaine à la lumière des fouilles, des recherches et des publications les plus récentes (1935–50)’, Bull. Inst. hist, beige de Rome, xxvi (1950–1951), 188–250Google Scholar; Petri, F., ‘Zum Stand der Diskussion’ (see above, p. 2, n. 1)Google Scholar. On the place-name aspect, cf. Draye, H., ‘De chronologische rangschikking van het toponymisch materiaal’, Album Dr. J. Lindemans (Brussels, 1951)Google Scholar.

^{page 14 note 1} ii. 9.

^{page 14 note 1} Plath, K., ‘Die Königspfalzen der Merovinger und Karolinger. I. Dispargum’, Bonner Jährbucher, xcv (1891)Google Scholar.

^{page 14 note 3} Carmina, vii, pp. 372 sqqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 14 note 4} Cf. Schmidt, L., ‘Aus den Anfängen der salfränkischen Königtums’, p. 309Google Scholar.

^{page 15 note 1} Ibid., p. 316.

^{page 15 note 2} Cf. Dhondt, , ‘Note sur l'origine de la frontière linguistique’, p. 110Google Scholar.

^{page 15 note 3} Draye, H., ‘De invloed van de bevolkingsdichtheid op het onstaan van de Vlaams-Waalse taalgrens’, Miscellanea Van der Essen (1947), pp. 107–21Google Scholar; Dhondt, J., ‘Essai sur l'origine de la frontière linguistique’, L'Antiquié classique, xv (1948), 261–86Google Scholar; Legros, E., ‘La frontière linguistique en Belgique’, Onomastica, ii (1948), 9–16Google Scholar.

^{page 16 note 1} Dhondt, , ‘Note sur l'origine’ (above, p. 3, n. 1), p. 117Google Scholar.

^{page 17 note 1} I wish to express my thanks to my friend Philip Grierson for his kindness in translating this paper into English.