The K Shell Program Guide(1)

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原创最新推荐文章于 2026-08-31 17:29:42 发布 1k 阅读 AI 写同款· GEO 优化 ›

MySQL rand()函数、rand(n)、生成不重复随机数 rand()函数每次生成是随机数都是不一致且不重复的。适用场景：样本抽样，对数据随机排序后获取前x条。每次排序的结果都是随机的、不一致的。rand(n:int)函数n是个int类型的种子参数，每个种子生成的随机数都是不同的。但是相同的种子每次返回的随机数都是固定的。如rand(2)每次返回的值是固定的。同一次查询时结果集中可能会产生重复的数字。多次查询时每次返回的随机数与上一次查询结果一致。适用场景：用于需要重复生成相同随机数序列的场景，例如模拟实验或测试中需要重复执行相同的随机操作。阅读详情

Wildcard	Matches
`?`	Any single character
`*`	Any string of characters
[set]	Any character in set
[!set]	Any character not in set

Expression	Matches
[abc]	a, b, or c
[.,;]	Period, comma, or semicolon
[-_]	Dash and underscore
[a-c]	a, b, or c
[a-z]	All lowercase letters
[!0-9]	All non-digits
[0-9!]	All digits and exclamation point
[a-zA-Z]	All lower- and uppercase letters
[a-zA-Z0-9_-]	All letters, all digits, underscore, and dash

Utility	Purpose
cat	Copy input to output
grep	Search for strings in the input
sort	Sort lines in the input
cut	Extract columns from input
sed	Perform editing operations on input
tr	Translate characters in the input to other characters

4)
fc -l
fc -e - number
5)
user's environment file is .profile.
6)Built-in Commands and Keywords

Here is a summary of all built-in commands and keywords.

Command	Chapter	Summary
:	7	Do nothing (just do expansions of arguments).
.	4	Read file and execute its contents in current shell.
alias	3	Set up shorthand for command or command line.
bg	8	Put job in background.
break	5	Exit from surrounding for, select, while, or until loop.
case	5	Multi-way conditional construct.
cd	1	Change working directory.
continue		Skip to next iteration of for, select, while, or until loop.
echo	4	Expand and print arguments (obsolete).
exec	9	Replace shell with given program.
exit	5	Exit from shell.
export	3	Create environment variables.
eval	7	Process arguments as a command line.
fc	2	Fix command (edit history file).
fg	8	Put background job in foreground.
for	5	Looping construct.
function	4	Define function.
getopts	6	Process command-line options.
if	5	Conditional construct.
jobs	1	List background jobs.
kill	8	Send signal to process.
let	6	Arithmetic variable assignment.
newgrp		Start new shell with new group ID.
print	1	Expand and print arguments on standard output.
pwd	1	Print working directory.
read	7	Read a line from standard input.
readonly	6	Make variables read-only (unassignable).
return	5	Return from surrounding function or script.
select	5	Menu generation construct.
set	3	Set options.
shift	6	Shift command-line arguments.
time		Run command and print execution times.
trap	8	Set up signal-catching routine.
typeset	6	Set special characteristics of variables.
ulimit	10	Set/show process resource limits.
umask	10	Set/show file permission mask.
unalias	3	Remove alias definitions.
unset	3	Remove definitions of variables or functions.
until	5	Looping construct.
wait	8	Wait for background job(s) to finish.
whence	3	Identify source of command.
while	5	Looping construct.

7)
Built-in Shell Variables

Variable	Chapter	Meaning
#	4	Number of arguments given to current process.
-		Options given to shell on invocation.
?	5	Exit status of previous command.
$	8	Process ID of shell process.
_		Last argument to previous command.
!	8	Process ID of last background command.
CDPATH	3	List of directories for cd command to search.
COLUMNS	3	Width of display in columns (for editing modes and select).
EDITOR	2	Used to set editing mode; also used by mail and other programs.
ERRNO	A	Error number of last system call that failed.
ENV	3	Name of file to run as environment file when shell is invoked.
FCEDIT	2	Default editor for fc command.
FPATH	4	Search path for autoloaded functions.
IFS	7	Internal field separator: list of characters that act as word separators. Normally set to SPACE, TAB, and NEWLINE.
HISTFILE	2	Name of command history file.
HISTSIZE	2	Number of lines kept in history file.
HOME	3	Home (login) directory.
LINENO	9	Number of line in script or function that just ran.
LINES	3	Height of display in lines (for select command).
MAIL	3	Name of file to check for new mail.
MAILCHECK	3	How often (in seconds) to check for new mail.
MAILPATH	3	List of file names to check for new mail, if MAIL is not set.
OLDPWD	3	Previous working directory.
OPTARG	6	Argument to option being processed by getopts.
OPTIND	6	Number of first argument after options.
PATH	3	Search path for commands.
PS1	3	Primary command prompt string.
PS2	3	Prompt string for line continuations.
PS3	5	Prompt string for select command.
PS4	9	Prompt string for xtrace option.
PPID	8	Process ID of parent process.
PWD	3	Current working directory.
RANDOM	9	Random number between 0 and 32767 (2²¹⁵-1).
REPLY	5,7	User's response to select command; result of read command if no variable names given.
SECONDS	3	Number of seconds since shell was invoked.
SHELL	3	Full pathname of shell.
TMOUT	10	If set to a positive integer, number of seconds between commands after which shell automatically terminates.
VISUAL	2	Used to set editing mode.

8)Test Operators

These are the operators that are used with the [[...]] construct. They can be logically combined with && ("and") and || ("or") and grouped with parenthesis.

Operator	True If...
-a file	file exists.
-b file	file is a block device file.
-c file	file is a character device file.
-d file	file is a directory.
-f file	file is a regular file.
-g file	file has its setgid bit set.
-k file	file has its sticky bit set.
-n string	string is non-null.
-o option	option is set.
-p file	file is a pipe or named pipe (FIFO file).
-r file	file is readable.
-s file	file is not empty.
-t N	File descriptor N points to a terminal.
-u file	file has its setuid bit set.
-w file	file is writeable.
-x file	file is executable, or file is a directory that can be searched.
-z string	string is null.
-G file	file's group ID is the same as that of the shell.
-L file	file is a symbolic link.
-O file	file is owned by the shell's user ID.
-S file	file is a socket.
fileA -nt fileB	fileA is newer than fileB.
fileA -ot fileB	fileA is older than fileB.
fileA -ef fileB	fileA and fileB point to the same file.
string = pattern	string matches pattern (which can contain wildcards).
string != pattern	string does not match pattern.
stringA < stringB	stringA comes before stringB in dictionary order.
stringA > stringB	stringA comes after stringB in dictionary order.
exprA -eq exprB	Arithmetic expressions exprA and exprB are equal.
exprA -ne exprB	Arithmetic expressions exprA and exprB are not equal.
exprA -lt exprB	exprA is less than exprB.
exprA -gt exprB	exprA is greater than exprB.
exprA -le exprB	exprA is less than or equal to exprB.
exprA -ge exprB	exprA is greater than or equal to exprB.

9)Typeset Options

These are arguments to the typeset command.

Option	Meaning
	With no option, create local variable within function.
-L	Left justify and remove leading blanks.
-R	Right justify and remove trailing blanks.
-f	With no arguments, prints all function definitions.
-f fname	Prints the definition of function fname.
+f	Prints all function names.
-ft	Turns on trace mode for named function(s).
+ft	Turns off trace mode for named function(s).
-fu	Defines given name(s) as autoloaded function(s).
-i	Declare variable as an integer.
-l	Convert all letters to lowercase.
-r	Make variable read-only.
-u	Convert all letters to uppercase.
-x	Export variable, i.e., put in environment so that it is passed to subshells

10)

Substitution Operators
Operator	Substitution
${varname:-word}	If varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise return word.
Purpose:	Returning a default value if the variable is undefined.
Example:	${count:-0} evaluates to 0 if count is undefined.
${varname:=word}	If varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise set it to word and then return its value.[7]
Purpose:	Setting a variable to a default value if it is undefined.
Example:	`$`{count:=0} sets count to 0 if it is undefined.
${varname`:?`message}	If varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise print varname: followed by message, and abort the current command or script. Omitting message produces the default message parameter null or not set.
Purpose:	Catching errors that result from variables being undefined.
Example:	{count`:?"` undefined!`"` } prints "count: undefined!" and exits if count is undefined.
${varname`:+`word}	If varname exists and isn't null, return word; otherwise return null.
Purpose:	Testing for the existence of a variable.
Example:	${count:+1} returns 1 (which could mean "true") if count is defined.