雅思作文练习

The two given pie charts provide information on the proportion of different household energy use categories and greenhouse gas emission percentages for six domestic items in Australia.

Overall, heating takes up the biggest share among all household energy use categories. For greenhouse gas emissions, water heating gains the highest proportion, while cooling has the smallest share in both charts.

In terms of household energy use categories, heating accounts for the largest percentage at 42%, followed by water heating with a figure of 30%. Other appliances make up 15% of total household energy use. Refrigeration, lighting and cooling record much smaller shares at 7%, 4% and 2% respectively. There is a minor gap among the three smallest groups of energy consumption.

Regarding greenhouse gas emissions from Australian households, water heating has the highest share of total emissions at 32%, with other appliances taking the second place at 28%. Heating also makes up a notable proportion at 15%. Refrigeration sees a 14% emission share, marginally above the 8% figure for lighting. Cooling has the smallest emission proportion at 3%. The percentages for heating and refrigeration are fairly similar, ranging from 14% to 15%.

2、动态

读题

时态（此图“显示 ”了-一般现在时；图的内容=看图；--过去/将来）

数据代表？（参考静态）

 body=整合项目；不要按时间分段

按整体趋势（趋势相似；相反）

按量大小（在大部分时间里2/3，相对都比较大的一些； 相对小）

A与B：哪个更直观选哪个（line：； pie，bar，table：优先量）不能具体数据

写过的内容正文再写

每个项目双向对比：（趋势最值一定要；差距选明显的写）自己比=趋势=（整体）or（整体+细节）+数据； 跟别人比：最值：最大，最小。最大，第二（第三）：最大，紧随其后；都很大，尤其是；a最大，b只比a少一点

差距：无=一样。有（差距大=多很多/少很多；差距小=多一点/少一点=相似）。在题目里数据很多的时候，respectively最好是在两个数据以内。

首先，脑子里要有概念。讲题目进行拆解。写之前要明白自己要写什么，把框架再脑子中勾绘出来。不能只罗列升降，要点出格局变化（赶超）。打磨 Overview、合理筛选数据、减少模板生硬感。模板是学不完的，只有合理的应用，才能完成好的作品。

1. moderately adv. 适度地、小幅地（替换 slightly /gradually）
2. overtake / surpass v. 超过（图表动态对比黄金词）
3. emerge as 成为（高分替换 become）
4. A emerge (s/emerged) as + 身份 / 地位

stood at approximately ——（数值）大约为（小作文标配）

a modest fall —— 小幅下降

surged to a high of —— 飙升至…… 峰值

steep slump —— 急剧下滑

partial rebound —— 小幅回升（≠完全恢复原有水平，细节严谨）

just under —— 略低于

例句 1（你能源图表句子）

Coal consumption increased moderately from 22 in 1980 to 27 by 1990, surpassing natural gas and emerging as the second-largest energy source. 煤炭消耗量从 1980 年 22 增长到 1990 年 27，超越天然气，最终成为第二大能源。

👉 精髓：体现「动态变化之后，达成新位置」，单纯用 become 缺少这种 “逐步变化后形成格局” 的画面感。

1、上升类型

In terms of coffee, the United Kingdom experienced the sharpest rise, with sales jumping from 1.5 million euros in 1999 to 20 million euros in 2004.

就咖啡而言，英国的增幅最为显著，销售额从 1999 年的 150 万欧元飙升至 2004 年的 2000 万欧元。

Denmark, Belgium and Sweden recorded more modest increases: coffee sales grew slightly to 2, 1.7 and 1 million euros respectively in 2004. 丹麦、比利时和瑞典实现小幅增长：2004 年咖啡销售额分别小幅上涨至 200 万、170 万和 100 万欧元。

When it comes to bananas, Switzerland dominated the market. Its sales surged from 15 million euros to 47 million euros. The UK and Belgium also witnessed rises, reaching 5.5 million and 4 million euros in 2004. 说到香蕉，瑞士占据市场主导地位，销售额从 1500 万欧元猛增至 4700 万欧元。英国与比利时同样呈现上涨趋势，2004 年销售额分别达到 550 万欧元和 400 万欧元。

X underwent the most striking change, doubling its share from A% to B%. X 变化最为显著，份额从 A% 翻倍至 B%。

2、下降类型

By contrast, banana sales declined in Sweden from 1.8 to 1 million euros and Denmark from 2 to 0.9 million euros. 相比之下，瑞典的香蕉销售额从 180 万欧元降至 100 万欧元，丹麦的销售额从 200 万欧元下滑至 90 万欧元。

主谓宾见证句 (主语可以是：描述对象 / 时间段 / 国家) see/witness/ experience/undergo (宾语：趋势）

The years (from 1979 to 2004) witnessed a rapid drop in beef consumption, falling from 220 grams to 100 grams. 1979 至 2004 年间，牛肉消耗量快速下降，从 220 克降至 100 克。

This European country saw a sharp decline in the consumption of beef from 220 grams in 1979 to 100 grams in 2004. 该欧洲国家牛肉消耗量大幅下降，由 1979 年 220 克降至 2004 年 100 克。

Beef consumption experienced a rapid decrease from 220 grams to 100 grams over the period from 1979 to 2004. 1979 至 2004 年期间，牛肉消耗量经历快速下滑，从 220 克下降至 100 克。

The consumption of beef was onwas on a downward trend from 220 grams to 100 grams. 牛肉消耗量呈现快速下降的态势，从 220 克降至 100 克。

X saw only a marginal decline, slipping very slightly from A% to B%. X 仅有小幅下滑，从 A% 微降至 B%。

There was a rapid decrease in the consumption of beef, falling from 220 grams to 100 grams between 1979 and 2004. 牛肉消耗量出现快速下滑，在 1979 至 2004 年间从 220 克下降至 100 克。

Beef, lamb and fish followed downward trends, declining from X, Y and Z to M, N and P respectively. 牛肉、羊肉、鱼肉均呈现下降趋势，数值分别从 X、Y、Z 降至 M、N、P。

3、先升后降/先降后升（波动）

Regarding wheat exports from Canada, the volume peaked at 25 million tonnes in 1988, then decreased to 14 million tonnes in 1989, showing fluctuations during these years.

句型 1（先降后升，触底反弹，trough 谷值专用）

The figure hit a trough of 14 million tonnes in 1989 before rising moderately to 19 million tonnes by 1995. 该数值在 1989 年跌至谷底 1400 万吨，随后小幅回升，到 1995 年达到 1900 万吨。

句型 2（全程在区间来回震荡，无明显最高点最低点）

Output fluctuated over the whole period, ranging between 14 million and 25 million tonnes. 总产量在整个时间段不断波动，数值介于 1400 万吨至 2500 万吨之间。

句型 3（初期增长，之后整体震荡回落，高分分词结构）

After an initial surge, the volume fluctuated before experiencing a final downward shift. 经历初期激增后，总量出现波动，最终整体趋于下降。

In terms of National Zoo, Amusement Park and Science Museum, varied patterns can be observed. National Zoo underwent the most striking change among the three, climbing moderately from 4 units in 1981 to 5 units in 2001. Amusement Park fluctuated over the whole period, ranging between 2 and 3 units. Science Museum saw only a marginal decline, slipping very slightly from 3.5 units to 3 units by 2001. 至于国家动物园、游乐园和科学博物馆，三者走势各不相同。三者中国家动物园变化最为明显，数值由 4 个单位温和上涨至 5 个单位。游乐园在整个时间段不断波动，数值介于 2 至 3 个单位之间。科学博物馆仅有小幅下滑，从 3.5 个单位微降至 3 个单位。

4、达到最高，最低

Coal consumption increased moderately from 22 in 1980 to 27 by 1990, surpassing natural gas and emerging as the second-largest energy source.

X grew moderately from A% to B%, overtaking Y to become the second-largest category. X 占比由 A% 温和上涨至 B%，超越 Y 成为第二大类别。

A accounted for the largest share of …, though its proportion fell considerably. A 占据…… 最大份额，但其占比大幅下降。

While X held second place at the beginning, by the end it had been eclipsed by Y and relegated to third position. 起初 X 位居第二，到末期被 Y 反超，跌至第三位。

X accounted for the smallest share of …（饼图首选，描述占比） X 占据…… 最小份额。 例句：Hydro power accounted for the smallest share of energy sources. 水电在各类能源中占比最低。

X recorded the lowest figure（折线 / 柱状图描述数值大小，万能通用，适配你整套体系） X 记录下最低数值。 例句：Fish consumption recorded the lowest figure over the period. 鱼肉消耗量在整个时间段维持最低水平。

5、平稳

…remained completely static throughout the period, holding steady at X%. …… 在整个时间段保持不变，稳定维持在 X%。

6、案例分析

 

The line graph illustrates the amounts of chicken, beef, lamb and fish consumed per person weekly in a European country between 1979 and 2004. 该折线图展示了 1979 至 2004 年间，某欧洲国家人均每周鸡肉、牛肉、羊肉和鱼肉的消耗量。

Overall, chicken consumption rose substantially over the period and emerged as the most widely eaten food by 2004. By contrast, beef and lamb consumption declined markedly, while fish saw only a modest fall and remained the least popular category. 总体来看，鸡肉消耗量在此期间大幅上涨，到 2004 年成为食用量最高的食材。与之相反，牛肉和羊肉消耗量显著下降，而鱼肉仅有小幅下滑，始终是受众最少的品类。

Regarding beef, lamb and fish, all three food types followed a downward trend. Beef consumption, which stood at approximately 225 grams in 1979, experienced a dramatic drop, falling to roughly 100 grams in 2004. A comparable pattern can be seen in lamb, whose consumption slipped from 150 grams to 55 grams over the 25 years. Fish saw only a marginal decline: the figure stood at just under 60 grams in 1979, ending at nearly 50 grams in 2004. Although fish recorded the lowest figure across the timeframe, consumption levels stayed relatively constant. 说到牛肉、羊肉与鱼肉，三类食材均呈现下降趋势。1979 年牛肉人均消耗量大约为 225 克，之后大幅下降，2004 年跌至约 100 克。羊肉走势相近，消耗量在 25 年间由 150 克下滑至 55 克。鱼肉仅有小幅下降：1979 年数值略低于 60 克，2004 年最终接近 50 克。尽管鱼肉全程数值最低，消耗量保持相对平稳。

In terms of chicken, its consumption followed an upward trajectory, overtaking lamb consumption in the early years and surpassing beef in 1989. The years after 1989 witnessed a surge in chicken intake, growing moderately to almost 250 grams per person weekly, making chicken the dominant food among the four varieties. 至于鸡肉，消耗量呈现上升趋势，在早期超越羊肉，并于 1989 年赶超牛肉。1989 年后鸡肉消耗量激增，温和增长至人均每周近 250 克，成为四类食材中的主流品类。

The bar chart illustrates the proportions of four different transport modes (train, car, tube and bus) used by commuters travelling to work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000. 该柱状图展示了 1960、1980、2000 年某欧洲城市通勤者使用四种交通方式（火车、私家车、地铁、巴士）上下班的占比。

Overall, car use saw a dramatic upward trend over the four decades and emerged as the most popular commuting option by 2000. In contrast, bus use declined sharply. Train and tube experienced moderate fluctuations. 总体来看，四十年间私家车通勤占比持续大幅上涨，到 2000 年成为最主流通勤方式。相比之下，巴士通勤占比急剧下滑。火车与地铁的占比出现温和波动。

Regarding car and bus, the two transport modes followed opposite trends. Car use underwent the most striking change, more than doubling its share. It stood at approximately 6% in 1960, and surged to a peak of 37% in 2000. Bus accounted for the largest share of commuters in 1960, though its proportion fell considerably, slipping from 40% to just 15% by 2000. 说到私家车与巴士，两类交通走势相反。私家车变化最为显著，份额翻倍有余。1960 年占比大约为 6%，在 2000 年飙升至峰值 37%。1960 年巴士占据通勤最大份额，但占比大幅下降，到 2000 年由 40% 跌至 15%。

In terms of train and tube, different patterns can be observed. Train ridership rose from 19% in 1960 to 28% in 1980, before declining slightly to 22% in 2000. Meanwhile, the percentage of tube commuters saw only a marginal decline initially, falling from 28% to 22% by 1980, and then climbed moderately to 25% in 2000. 至于火车和地铁，二者走势各不相同。火车通勤占比从 1960 年 19% 上涨至 1980 年 28%，随后小幅回落，2000 年降至 22%。与此同时，地铁通勤占比初期仅有小幅下滑，1980 年降至 22%，之后温和回升至 250。

这篇动态文章的特征典型再波动

The given line graph illustrates the variations in wheat exports across three different regions from 1985 to 1990.

Overall, while the European Community experienced a dramatic increase in wheat exports from a steady level between 1988 and 1990, Australia showed a gradual decreasing trend from 1985 to 1990.

Regarding Canada, wheat exports stood at approximately 19 million tonnes in 1985. Following a modest fall one year later, volumes surged to a high of 25 million tonnes in 1988, representing the maximum wheat export figure among the three territories shown. This was followed by a steep slump to 14 million tonnes in 1989, prior to a partial rebound to just under 19 million tonnes by 1990.

Australia, on the other hand, witnessed a steady decline, with exports gradually falling to 11 million tonnes by 1990.In contrast, the European Community's wheat exports remained steady at around 15 million tonnes from 1985 to 1988, before dramatically increasing to 21 million tonnes by 1990, highlighting a significant advantage in wheat exports.

The given line graph gives the information about the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish which were consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.

Overall, there was a dramatic increase in the consumption of chicken, while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.

The consumption of beef， that of lamb and that of fish shared a similar trend. Beef consumption（, which was the highest ）among all foods listed before 1989, fell dramatically from 225 grams per person per week to approximately 100 grams during this 25-year period. A similar pattern can be seen in lamb which decreased from 150 grams to 55 grams. Similarly, lamb decreased from 150 grams to 55 grams.Also, the consumption of fish declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams. While it remained the least popular food, consumption evels were the most stable.

However, the consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. The years after 1989 witnessed a soar in chicken which rose to the highest among four foods at almost 250 grams per person per week.

2）

The given pie charts compare the money which was spent by a UK school on different running costs in three separate years: 1981,1991 and 2001.

In all three years, the relatively great expenditure was on staff salaries（老师&其他）. This was more evident in the spending on teachers’ salaries, the percentage of which remained the highest. While other workers' salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers' pay reached 50% of total spending in1991 and ended at 45% in 2001.

However, the cost of other items took up much less percentage. The percentage of spending on insurance kept the least, despite a rising trend from only 2% to 8% by 2001. The cost of resources such as books increased to 20% in 1991 before decreasing to only 9% at the end of the period. In contrast,  that of furniture and equipment decreased to 5% in 1991 and then rose to 23%.

Overall,teachers' salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, while the percentage of the spending on insurance was the least .

动词	过去式	名词	介词搭配
increase sharply/slowly	increased	an increase- a sharp increase	from 10 in 1979to 20 in 1989 by 10%--上升了
grow	grew	a growth
rise	rose	a rise
go up	went up	an upward tendency
soar 急剧上升不可加adv. =rise sharply		a soar

动词	过去式	名词	介词搭配
decrease	decreased	a decrease	from...to...
decline	declined	a decline
fall	fell	a fall
drop	dropped	a drop
plummet 急剧下降不 可加 adv.	ed	a plummet

动词	过去式	名词	介词搭配
fluctuate	d	a fluctuation	between....and... 波动着上升： increased  with fluctuations from..to...
go up and down	went	NA

动词	过去式	名词	介词搭配
remain the same		NA	at
level off	leveled off	a leveling off
keep stable/ steady	kept	keep stability

reach-经过一段时间的变化	the highest point of
	the top of
	a peak of

reach	the lowest point of
	the bottom of

大约

about

around

roughly

approximately

动词	过去式
overtake	A overtook B
exceed

形容词	副词
慢
	gradually
steady	steadily
	slightly
	moderately
快
	sharply
	significantly
dramatic	dramatically

india+china

usa+japan

1.  时态处理

1）。。。一直都。。。。=用一般现在时

2）细节：正文--段内按照时间；

 india（1950-2002=一般过去时）+（2050=一般将来时）

china+usa+japan（1950-2002=一般过去时）+（2050=一般将来时）

正文--段内每个项目都有过去+将来；

china+（1950-2002=一般过去时）+（2050=一般将来时）；usa

（1950-2002=一般过去时）+（2050=一般将来时）；+japan（1950-2002=一般过去时）+（2050=一般将来时）

1. 将来时的表达

be likely to+v; be expected to; be projected to; be predicted to; will +v；

3、混合图

其实混合图差不多就开头要点明一下是两个图，在这之后还是沿用之前的分析与思考

the connection in SK increased slighly from 122 to 134.4, with a 20% of rise in this period.

the connection in SK increased slighly from 122 to 134.4. This amounts to /represents a 20% of rise.

the connection in SK increased slighly from 122 to 134.4， equaling a 20% of rise.

 the percentage of connection in SK increased by 20%,with the figure rising from 122 to 134.4

4、流程图

流程图更多的是对于内容同义替换的理解，格式倒是比较固定，更多的考描述

overview：最明显的特征：

• 整张图最明显的特征（什么的过程；经历N phases；从。1st。开始到。last。结束；最重要的步骤是什么）

• 基于2&3=看不懂的步骤一样能写。how？n=主/执行者；v=谓语写成过去分词；所以看不懂就猜词性。how？（ing/tion/er/ment）=n/变成v；🟰周围其他的；

1. 输入物：the inputs,the outputs of last step,the results of last step，

2. 处理动作：be processed, be dealt, be coped，

3. 输出物：the outputs,the results,the products.

the clay is processed by metal grid.

the clay is filtered through metal grid.

• 衔接
• 修饰：适当修饰

n/v

修饰n：（的）

adj+n

n+（prep+n）=方位

用动作修饰（非谓语；定从）

the collected paper // the paper which is collected

第一步的n which is regarded as the raw material for is  collected.

倒数第二步的n is +v, which makes the end product:

修饰v：句首；句末；插入语

adv

prep+n

用另一个动作（状语从句；非谓语）

目的状语，方式状语，地点状语

简单句：

Birds fly.

Beautiful and multiple birds in the wooden cages made by my friendly neighbours fly slowly and sadly, because of the loss of precious freedom. 

The flow chart illustrats how waste paper is recycled.

Overall,it is clear that there are six distinct stages in this process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper.

Overall, the key point is that the recycling of waste paper in this way is a complex process that requires several stages. These can (conveniently) be divided into two main phases:the collecting phase and the producing phase.

One of the most important stages is +n/ving / that+句子.

Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and pulped,and foreign objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of ink and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making machine, which makes the end product: usable paper.

At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper,which is regarded as the raw material for paper production, is collected either from paperbanks, or directly from businesses. Then, this paper is sorted by hand and separated according to its grade, with any paper that is not suitable for recycling being removed. After being sorted, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill for further processing.

Moving to the next stage, the paper is cleaned and pulped,and foreign objects such as staples are taken out, after which all remnants of ink and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making machine, before the usable paper in the production is finished.

砖头

The flow chart illustrates how bricks are made for building use.

The first stage is shaping bricks. Initially, as the main material for making bricks, clay is dug from underneath by a digger. Next, in order to remove stones or pebbles，clay is sieved/filtered through a metal grid.The smaller pieces of clay drop onto a roller which carries them to a further place where sand and water are added.The mixture of the three materials is either formed in moulds or cut into bricks by a wire cutter.

In the following stage the fresh soft bricks are firstly kept in a drying oven for 24-48 hours to make them dry. Then they are transferred to a kiln at the moderate temperature from200 to980 degree followed by another kiln at the temperature as high as870-1300 degree.After that,bricks are cooled in a cooling chamber for48-72 hours.

In the last stage the hard bricks are packaged before they are delivered by lorry to construction sites.

Overall, this process basically involves three stages,from digging clay to despatching bricks.

The flow chart illustrates how rain-shadow deserts are formed in coastal mountainous regions.

Overall, this process basically involves three main stages, from winds moving toward the coast to the creation of inland rain-shadow deserts.

The first stage is the movement of ocean air currents. Initially, winds from the sea approach the coastline. Next, these winds are pushed upwards after hitting mountain ranges. After that, moist air rises and cools, so clouds gradually form on the mountain’s windward side.

In the following stage, rain falls on top of the mountains and removes most moisture from the air. Then dry air keeps moving across the mountain ridge. After that, the dry air slides down the leeward slope toward inland districts.

In the final stage, dry winds reach inland areas. There is barely any rain here, so the land becomes dry. Large rain-shadow deserts appear, stretching thousands of kilometres inland.

5、地图

动态

动态/静态：变成，时态：

（2007vs2010；）：过去完成；一般过去

（2007vs Now；）：一般过去；现在完成；一般现在

（Now vs Future）：一般现在；一般将来

body：按时间分

段内内容

opening：改题目

主语具象：the chart=the map// the diagram

主语修饰：the given /provided chart

谓语：show=illustrate-一般现在

overview：最明显的特征：

整张图最明显的特征（增加vs减少；取代vs不变）+（facilities；functions；elements；size；shape）写过的内容正文再写2～3句话；

访客视角：人（无目的性的参观；有目的性）

上帝视角：俯视--整合/归类

新图：

写对比（新增；减少；不变；取代）

对比逻辑（与原图一致的顺序；归类）

语言原图：

介词:in--在内容; on-接壤; to-不接壤

坐落：be located; stand;lie； be sited; be situated;

句型转换

A stage is located to the west of the fountain.

There is a stage (located) to the west of the fountain.

To the west of the fountain, there is a stage.

To the west of the fountain stands a stage.

句子n1，with n2+方位，n3+方位，and n4+方位.

intersection/joint

edge-内部边缘

board

a circular road

a roundabout

新图：（the original/the former）

增加：

A new /A newly-built be constructed +位置；

there be two additions: one located to the west of **, and the other in the north of.....

减少:

be removed; be reduced;

取代:

旧的be replaced by 新的.

旧的become新的.

There be 新的 occupying the area where 旧的 stand.( be/stand--变时态）

Where 旧的stand there be 新的.

旧的disappear and in its place be 新的.(disapper/be--变时态）

The map shows how Grange Park has changed since 1920 when it was first opened.

Overall, despite the apparently significant changes, the park retains the basic elements of flowers, water, seating and music, with the addition of a café and a children's play area.

Grange Park was opened in 1920, a rectangular/circular area （with access） from Arnold Avenue on the north side and from Eldon Street on the south side. There was a fountain in the centre, with a stage for musicians （situated centre left）非谓语, a glasshouse （to the right of the Eldon Street entrance） and a pond for water plants （in the north east corner opposite）.Around the edges of the park there were rose gardens, with seats （nearby for people to smell the flowers and listen to music.

The college café before redesign featured a fairly basic and compact layout. The kitchen was located in the top-left corner, connected to a single serving area that handled all food and drink. In the centre of the café was a spacious seating zone filled with tables and chairs for customers. On the right of this area were two small staff dining rooms, each with a round table. On the far left, there was a bin and toilets. In general, the design was simple, with no specialised food stations or outdoor facilities, focusing mainly on basic indoor service and seating.

静态

1. 静态：对比
2. 时态：无时间--一般现在时

overview：最明显的特征：

• 整张图最明显的特征（2图最明显的相同or不同）
• 写过的内容正文再写
• 2～3句话；
• overall，开头

body：

图1：描述方位

图2：描述方位+（1～2处与图1的对比）

The diagrams illustrate the typical layouts of Japanese and American offices, highlighting significant differences in design and organisation.

In a typical Japanese office, the layout follows a hierarchical and open-plan structure. The Department Manager sits in the top, near the windows, with two Section Managers positioned directly below. Staff desks are arranged in neat rows facing each other, creating a collaborative yet supervised environment. There are no private offices or partitions隔板, which promotes team communication and allows managers to oversee their teams easily.

By contrast, the typical American office adopts a more modern and flexible design. It features separate areas for a printer and copier, storage, and two conference rooms along the left side. Managerial positions (Section and Department Managers) are located in the right side. The layout includes more private or semi-private spaces, suggesting greater emphasis on individual work and formal meetings. Windows surround the office on both sides, providing natural light.

Overall, the Japanese design reflects hierarchy and teamwork, while the American layout prioritises functionality, privacy, and collaboration through dedicated meeting spaces.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

1.   衔接

• 对比:

1)句子,while/whereas 句子.

2)While/Whereas句子，句子.

3）句子.In·contrast,·//By·contrast,·句子.

• 转折:

1. Although句子，句子.
2. 句子，although句子
3. 句子，but 句子.
4. 句子 despite+n/ving.（尽管）
5. 句子.However, 句子.

• 相似的:

1)句子.Similarly，//Likewise,·句子.

2)句子. A similar pattern can be seen in+N+which/(whose +n)/(where+n)+v.

the population in China decreased. A similar pattern can be seen in Japan which dropped from....to...(错）

对：A similar pattern can be seen in Japan whose population dropped from....to...

A similar pattern can be seen in Japan where the population dropped from....to...

A similar pattern can be seen in the population in Japan which dropped from....to...

• 时间:

1)同时:

主谓宾 in·1999·when s+v+o.

2)先后:

苹果的数量先上升再下降。先发生的先写

The number of apples increased·and·then·decreased.-并列谓语体现时态

The number of apples·increased（before·a·decrease/decreasing）.

The number of apples increased（, which was followed·by ）a decrease/decreasing.

After increasing from 20 to 30，the number of apples decreased to 10.

1. 先后的补充（在流程中）

一、时间状语

The paper is collected before being sent for...

After being +上一步动词过去分词, the paper is sent for recycling.

Once （the paper is） collected, it is sent for...

Once collected， the paper is sent for.....

二、定从

The paper is collected， （which is） followed by being sent for recycling.

The paper is collected，after which (it is sent for recycling. )

三、并列

The paper is collected, and then it is sent for...

四、副词/介词短语

At the first stage in .....process, the paper is collected. After that, (Following this,) (Next,) (In the next stage,) (Then,) (Subsequently,) it is sent for recycling.

• 并列:

句子，and 句子. :

1. 1. 两个句子的主语是一样的：v1=谓语=主要动作；v2=从句谓语=补充动作
2. 主，定从（v2），+v1+。。。。
3. 主+v1+。。，v2ing// v2（past participle-过去分词)// to+ V2.(v2与主语的关系：主动；被动；目的）

v2ing// v2（past participle)// to+ V2.，主+v1+。。

Starting from 10% in 1999, the percentage of students experienced a dramatic rise to 80% in 2009.

 the percentage of students experienced a dramatic rise , starting from 10% in 1999 to 80% in 2009.

The teacher enters the room and·carries a book.

The teacher enters the room, and·she carries a book.

The teacher, who carries a book,enters the room.

The teacher enters the room, carrying a book.

Carrying a book,the teacher enters the room.

1. 1. 两个句子的主语是不一样的:

句子n1，with+n2+(非谓语/介词短语). n1与n2:一定是不同的

非谓语：v2ing// v2（past participle)// to+ V2.(v2与n2的关系：主动；被动；目的）

介词短语：prep+n（ in the desk）

The teacher enters the room, and·the students follow her.

改：

The teacher enters the room,with the students following her.

A shop is located in the city centre, and a bank is sited to the west of the school.

改：

A shop is located in the city centre ,with a bank sited to the west of the school.

A shop is located in the city centre ,with a bank to the west of the school.

The given bar chart provides the information of changes in percentages of population in four countries in the total population around world in three separate year: 1950 ,2022 and 2050.

Overall, -the percentage of population in India increases......., while that in China and Japan

Overall, India’s percentages of population increases steadily and is expected to continue rising by 2050, while China and Japan’s percentages of population--the percentage of population in China and Japan show a decline over time.USA’s share of the world population decreased between 1950 to 2002 before remaining stable in 2050.

In terms of the declining countries, China's population accounted for the largest percentage in 1950, at about 35%. However, this figure fell dramatically to 25% in 2002 and was expected to decline further to approximately 15% in 2050.The USA also experienced a drop in the share of population, from around 9% to in 1950 to 5% in 2002. This is likely to remain unchanged.Similarly, Japan’s percentage of population fell steadily from 1950 to 2002, and is predicted to fall slightly to around 2% in 2050.

By contrast, India’s percentage of population showed the opposite trend. It rose steadily from 15% in 1950 to 20% in 2002. It was likely to increase and overtake China's percentage after 2050.

overview：最明显的特征：

• 整张图最明显的特征（增加vs减少；取代vs不变）+（facilities；functions；elements；size；shape）
• 写过的内容正文再写
• 2～3句话；

body：

原图：

1. 描述方位
2. 描述逻辑：（无出入口～上帝）

访客视角：人（无目的性的参观；有目的性）

上帝视角：俯视--整合/归类

新图：

1. 写对比（新增；减少；不变；取代）
2. 对比逻辑（与原图一致的顺序；归类）

  

原图：

1. 介词:in--在内容; on-接壤; to-不接壤
2. 坐落：be located; stand;lie； be sited; be situated;
3. 方位：e，s，w，n
4. 句型转换

A stage is located to the west of the fountain.

There is a stage (located) to the west of the fountain.

To the west of the fountain, there is a stage.

To the west of the fountain stands a stage.

句子n1，with n2+方位，n3+方位，and n4+方位.

intersection/joint

 edge-内部边缘

board

a circular road

a roundabout

新图：（the original/the former）

1. 增加：

A new /A newly-built be constructed +位置；

there be two additions: one located to the west of **, and the other in the north of.....

1. 减少:

be removed; be reduced;

1. 不变:

reamian unchanged

1. 取代:

旧的be replaced by 新的.

旧的become新的.

There be 新的 occupying the area where 旧的 stand.( be/stand--变时态）

Where 旧的stand there be 新的.

旧的disappear and in its place be 新的.(disapper/be--变时态）

Compared with 图A， 句子（图B）.

Unlike 图A， 句子（图B）.

Different from 图A， 句子（图B）.

Similar to 图A， 句子（图B）.

比较级 be more than； be larger than ....

   

The map shows how Grange Park has changed since 1920 when it was first opened.

Overall, despite the apparently significant changes, the park retains the basic elements of flowers, water, seating and music, with the addition of a café and a children's play area.

Grange Park was opened in 1920, a rectangular/circular area （with access） from Arnold Avenue on the north side and from Eldon Street on the south side. There was a fountain in the centre, with a stage for musicians （situated centre left）非谓语, a glasshouse （to the right of the Eldon Street entrance） and a pond for water plants （in the north east corner opposite）.Around the edges of the park there were rose gardens, with seats （nearby for people to smell the flowers and listen to music.

Part2-把逻辑理顺，减少模板的使用

1、Report

1. 特征：

In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are decreasing.

What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures could be taken to solve them?

现象的原因。审题：给的现象（当下or一直）

判断依据=题目提示=时间词（today；no longer不再是）or 进行时 or比较级

l 当下的现象的原因：

时代挂钩（social change=the advanced technology; the demanding lifestyle resulting from the fast pace; the intense competition; the aging problem//the shortage of labor; the pollution resulting from the developed industry; the urbanization// the expansion of city；the globalization ; the wide spread of information// the sedentary lifestyle )

l 不是当下的现象：考虑参与对象本身的特征

对象（小=直接参与的个体=A vs B=年龄；性别；身份。。。；中=小团体=the schools; the family; the company; the community；大=覆盖所有人群=the governments and authorities; the media ）+方面

children : brains are in a phase of development--- lack judgement ability; motivate their curiosity; immune system is developing --- this makes them weaker than they grow up

the elderly: their cells aged---- feel difficult to understand and accept new concept ; feel hard to memorize; their muscle mass has been reduced ---- this weakens their physical strength ; they are experienced // their age-related wisdom helps them.....

males and females: the proportion of muscle mass differs from genders --- different physical strength----physically -demanding work is not suitable for females who have less proportion of muscle mass than males --(sex differences); (gender differences: stereotype )

1. 对应原因
2. be feasible

谁：小，中，大

individuals：意识靠外界提升

the community: organize(voluntary) events

the governments and authorities: launch public awareness campaigns ; introduce taxes on +不好； carry out the policy or regulation to encourage // stop sb from doing sth

达到什么效果:

governments could use the tax revenue to promote.....

1. sample：

1. opening -改写方法

topic+general response

topic: 给现象--改写现象

改写方法：

• 换主语：

• 其他n作主语
• n/ving/to do/ it is adj for sb to do sth / it is adj that +

• 词性转换

n-adj/n-v

• 替换

• the people (consuming fast foods)=the people (who consume fast foods)
• 抽象n-根据文章具像化

It is common that the levels of healthiness and fitness are declining and the average weight of people are increasing in some societies. I will analyse the possible factors and propose some solutions. ////Several factors contribute to this issue but there are some solutions.

A key reason for this is （that+句子）the decrease in the daily physical activity. This is because while technology offers tools like fitness trackers to encourage activity, it has replaced many physically demanding activities with automated alternatives. For example, with the reliance on convenient transportation, most people now drive or take public transportation to work or school instead of walking of cycling. As a result, they burn far fewer calories compared with past generations.

Another reason is the over-consumption of fast food. This mainly stems from the fact that today’s demanding lifestyles limit the time available for preparing home-cooked meals, shifting consumer preference toward fast food. For instance, long work hours and commuting forces people to consume fast foods for dinner, and these foods often contain high salt, sugar, trans fats, calories, and preservatives. If this becomes a regular habit, the excess calories can lead to significant weight gain and related health issues.

To address this problem, several practical steps can be taken. Firstly, governments should launch public awareness campaigns and introduce taxes on unhealthy foods. By doing so, people would be encouraged to choose healthier options and governments could use the tax revenue to promote fitness programs. Secondly, individuals can play their part by adopting a more active lifestyle and improving their eating habits. This would help to reduce weight gain and improve overall health and fitness levels.

In conclusion, multiple factors drive this issue, with key causes (including reduced physical activity and fast food over-consumption), discussed above. However, these issues can be effectively mitigated through solutions (such as increasing daily physical activity and launching public health campaigns to promote healthier lifestyles).

如何思考原因如何思考方案

改写题目（it is common for sb。。。）+套句

A key reason for this is that ______. This is because _______+(所以）This________. For example, ______________.

Another one is that_______. This mainly stems from the fact that  _______+(所以）This________. For instance, ______________.

To address this problem, several practical steps can be taken. Firstly, ____ should ___ By doing so, 效果. Secondly,______ can play their part by_______ . This would help to 效果。

In conclusion

2、Advantage

1. More and more companies are allowing employees to work from home. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
2. Some students take a year off studying between finishing school and going to university in order to travel or to work. Do the advantages outweigh disadvantages?

answer（题目的结果+reason+example

1. 思路

sb-承受者+方面

physiological needs& safety needs=baisc survival needs

social &esteem needs=psychological needs

self-actualization needs= personal growth

1. sample：

1. opening -改写方法+对题作答

topic+general response

topic: 给现象--改写现象

general response：

1. 驳论段
2. 结构
3. 方法
4. 好？/坏？

1. More and more companies are allowing employees to work from home. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

It is common for many people today to use modern technologies, such as computers, fax machines, emails and video chat programmes to complete work at home. I think working remotely is overall advantageous, （although it it does come with certain problems.）

One of the advantages of remote work is that it relieves employees of traditional office pressures. This mainly stems from the fact that, unlike office-based jobs, remote work eliminates commuting time and the associated stress. For instance, the average U.S. worker saves approximately 55–72 minutes per day by not having to commute, often avoiding traffic jams, crowded public transport, or unpredictable delays, all of which can cause daily anxiety and physical fatigue. As a result, employees can start their workday with greater focus and less frustration.

Additionally, companies （adopting remote work） can significantly reduce operational costs. This primarily results from eliminating the need for large office spaces and related expenses, such as utilities, rent, and equipment. These savings directly boost profitability, assuming stable sales prices and volumes. In contrast, traditional office environments incur substantial overhead costs, which hinder business success by diverting resources from growth and efficiency.

On the other hand, the disadvantages cannot be ignored, one of which is that it is highly likely for remote workers to suffer from the reduced social bonds. The reason is that without regular in-person interactions, they may feel disconnected from colleagues. Such disconnection tends to intensify the sense of isolation over time, as casual conversations or shared breaks that naturally foster trust and camaraderie in an office setting are largely absent. However, in this digital era, many remote workers actively build and maintain strong connections through intentional digital tools and practices, such as regular video check-ins, virtual team-building activities, dedicated non-work chat channels, and even occasional in-person meetups.

In conclusion, I believe that telecommuting enhances employee productivity and boosts company profits by reducing commuting stress and operational costs, despite the fact that it may lead to isolation.

1. Some students take a year off studying between finishing school and going to university in order to travel or to work. Do the advantages outweigh disadvantages? 

It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. I think advantageous effects of having a gap year are far outweighing the potential drawback.

One of the advantages is that when working or traveling, students have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on, thus clearly figuring out their future plan. This is because they are more likely to interact with more people from different backgrounds and encounter various circumstances. By this, young adults have higher possibility to know about the world comprehensively, and it is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. By contrast, those who pass directly from school to university often face indecision or frequent major changes due to limited exposure.

However, the disadvantages cannot be ignored, one of which is that young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment if they take time off at that important age. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.

In conclusion, my view is that young people with a clear perspective are the most effective and motivated ones. And taking a year off may be the best way to gain this as they are encouraged to broaden their horizons.

1.  drill：

In some countries, there has been an increase in the number of parents who educate their children themselves at home instead of sending them to school. Do the advantages of home education outweigh disadvantages?

Children who are educated at home may not gain the professional knowledge in achieving high grades in standardized tests. Most parents do not receive formal and specialized training in imparting school curriculum. This is why in most cases, they rely on intuition and practical knowledge to teach children so that their children only have a superficial knowledge of different subjects or grasp key ideas too slowly. For example, in maths problems or the syntax of foreign languages, parents may not be familiar with the methods and practices that schools usually adopt to help students to acquire relevant knowledge efficiently.

1. 利弊--or/outweigh

如何思考结果

如何反驳

改写题目（it is common for sb。。。）+个人观点（对题作答）x

One of the benefits is that__?___, thus ving*. This is because _______+(所以）This________. For example, ______________.

Apart from that, // In addition, another one is that t__?___, so that句子.This mainly stems from the fact that  _______+(所以）This________. For instance, ______________.

On the other hand, the disadvantages cannot be ignored, one of which is that__?___. The reason is that ______. However, _______

In conclusion, 套句.

3、Discussion

x and y：

These two aspects are not mutually exclusive, and lacking either can generate problems.(具体化）Without A， it is impossible to gain a long-term benefit. However, without A，there will be unaviodable problems. Therefore, a balanced way that +句子 is essential for +目的。

1. 论证方法：

1. 只有动作（2条）

The reason why+题目 is that___effect______。 This  is because。。。

The reason why+题目 is that____cause______ This  is because。。。

可能反驳：反驳坏/好结果

1. 因果

1. Some people think developing countries should invite large foreign

companies to open offices and factories to grow their economies. Others

think developing countries should keep the large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both views and give your own

opinion.

The reason why+题目(v+结果） is that___v与结果之间的关系=直接结果______。 This  is because。。。

The reason why+题目(引进外资+发展经济） is that___提供了跟多的就业机会______。 This  is because。。。

The reason why+题目(不要外资，只要本地+发展经济） is that_________。 This  is because。。。

1. opening -套句+对题作答

套句：大家对@@@有不同看法。

People have conflicting views as to @@@

@@@：（n/ving）--2个观点的交集/上义概念

对题作答：(个人立场+题目2个观点）

x or y：I think x, although some people Y.

x and y：i think x and y.

Some people think schools should teach students academic subjects. Others think schools should also teach students how to discriminate between right and wrong. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

 

 

People have conflicting views as to the education. From my perspective, one primary function of schools is to help young people acquire knowledge of different subjects, while teachers should also teach them the distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

 

Supporters of studying academic subjects think that it provides students with a broad knowledge base （that supports their overall development.）The reason is that  Engaging with a variety of subjects cultivates cognitive skills in different ways. These skills, such as logical thinking and processing speed enables students to become adaptable individuals who can navigate diverse challenges. For example, mathematics fosters mental discipline and enhances logical reasoning, acting as an essential foundation for addressing issues in fields like engineering, science, and economics.

 

On the other hand, some argue that beyond excelling in academic subjects, students must also understand behavioral boundaries because this helps them interact effectively and then ensure future career success. this is because Awareness of social norms enables them to build positive relationships with others effortlessly. Without this understanding, they may struggle to communicate effectively with colleagues and supervisors once they enter the workforce.

 

In my view, these two aspects are not mutually exclusive, and lacking either can hinder overall development. Strong academic knowledge without social skills may limit collaboration, while good interpersonal abilities without intellectual depth may reduce problem-solving capacity. Therefore, a balanced (way)education combining academic rigor with behavioral understanding is essential for producing well-rounded individuals.

 

In conclusion, while I understand that some people lay emphasis on academic subjects, I would argue that teaching young people to discriminate between right and wrong is also a part of the responsibility of teachers.

 

Some people think universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. Others believe that this is an unacceptable policy. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

 

The issue of gender equality in universities has been discussed by many. Although some say such a policy should be implemented in all subjects, I believe that it is not beneficial.

On one hand, the reason why it is unacceptable is that enforcing equal gender admission in certain courses could lead to employment challenges for some graduates, which might threaten their long-term well-being. In fields, particularly, like construction or civil engineering, jobs often demand significant physical strength and resilience to harsh conditions, such as severe weather. Many employers perceive these roles as too strenuous for most women, who, on average, have less muscle mass than men, potentially making it harder for female graduates to secure positions in these industries. As a result, female graduates in these fields may struggle to find employment, risking financial instability and reduced career prospects.

On the other hand, some people think that accepting similar numbers of male and female students in all subjects promotes gender equality, owing to the fact that it breaks the social taboos attached to studying courses that are usually prescribed to a specific gender. However, forcing students to study something they may not like, or stopping others from studying what they like in order to keep a balance does not seem fair at all. Social taboos are not broken in the short term either, and it is more probable that the students who study in fields that are taboo for their gender are rejected and sidelined in the process.

In conclusion, I personally disagree with accepting an equal number of boys and girls in any subject at university since it can complicate finding jobs later and promote gender bias, stopping enthusiastic applicants from entering the courses they like because of their sex.

Some people think it is necessary to use animals for testing medicines intended for human use. Others, however, think it is not right to do that. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

On the one hand, animals are the only possible alternatives to human beings in terms of drug test under the existing technology. This mainly stems from a close relationship those animals bear with us humans, such as a similar genetic sequences and a similar reaction to certain simulations. It's no exaggeration that almost all the physical-related findings including various sensations as well as numerous diseases are uncovered though animal-based testing. Without this procedure, not only will the decay in proving effectiveness rub many people’s lives, but also many relevant studies stand still .

Apart from that, lab animals are more accessible than other creatures in the world. This is because with the development of technology, it is possible to produce large numbers of certain kinds of laboratory animals with low cost and genetic stability. This can ensure the consistency of experimental samples and the accuracy of experimental results, improve the efficiency of human drug research and reduce experimental error. Therefore, it is unlikely for human beings to avoid animal experience because such accessibility is not found in other creatures. Without animal research, successful drug development for humans will not be assured.

On the other hand, it has to be admitted that=Admittedly,  some animal experiments are performed/conducted/did callously, with little or no regard( for the pain) inflicted on these creatures. However, this is a problem（ that can be addressed by tightening supervision）. For example, the government and departments concerned can set standards for testing animals and impose regulations to avoid excessive cruelty in laboratories.

On the other hand, some people think that animal testing is cruel, since the animals would suffer great pain during some operations such as vivisection in the experiment. However, now there are more and more scientists paying attention to the pain of animal testing, and trying to minimize it by some medical methods like using euthanasia and reducing unnecessary experiments.（some people think that animal testing is cruel, with the animals suffering great pain during some operations such as vivisection in the experiment.

1. discussion

观点的原因（A1； A2）A1:目的/条件

两个都选的论证思路

People have conflicting views as to __N___. 个人观点（立场；不选）

The reason why some people think x is that __(观点的原因）______.This is because _______+(所以）This________. For example, ______________.

Apart from that, // In addition, another one is that _______.This mainly stems from the fact that  _______+(所以）This________. For instance, ______________.

On the other hand, some people think y because __(观点的原因）______.This mainly stems from the fact that  _______+(所以）This________. For instance, ______________

.(反驳）or（x and y 的关系=套句）

In conclusion，

People have conflicting views as to university study priorities. From my perspective, both focusing on main subjects for a qualification and learning extra subjects are valuable, and a balanced approach is the best choice for undergraduates.

The reason why some people think students should give all their time to studying for a qualification is that focused learning builds solid professional competence. This is because university majors include systematic core courses and strict assessments, and concentrated effort helps students master key skills thoroughly. This makes their degrees well recognised by employers and lays a solid foundation for their future careers. For example, an engineering student needs regular practice on professional skills, and too many distractions will weaken his core competitiveness. Apart from that, full dedication to main subjects lowers the risk of poor academic performance. This mainly stems from the fact that students’ time and energy are limited. If they spread attention across too many subjects, they may fail to keep up with core coursework, which could lead to delayed graduation.

On the other hand, some students want to learn other subjects in addition to their main subjects because cross-disciplinary learning improves their overall abilities and expands career options. This mainly stems from the fact that knowledge from different fields supports each other and develops flexible thinking that single-subject learning cannot provide. This makes graduates more adaptable to the changing job market. For instance, a business student with basic data skills can perform better in digital-related jobs than peers with only management knowledge. These two aspects are not mutually exclusive, and lacking either can cause problems. Without focused major study, students cannot gain a recognised qualification, the basic threshold for most jobs. However, without extra learning, students may have narrow horizons and limit their long-term growth. Therefore, a balanced way that prioritises major study while taking a few relevant extra courses is essential.

In conclusion, while focusing on major study for qualifications is necessary, I believe learning additional subjects also brings important benefits. A proper balance between the two helps students achieve academic success and prepare well for their future careers.

4、agreement

people have conflicting views as to  advertising. I agree /disagree with the opinion that +题目

The reason why i agree is that....

In addition,

ending:

这篇就很好了。

People have conflicting views as to the value of diverse academic learning for career development. I completely agree with the opinion that studying a wide range of subjects brings significant benefits to future job hunting.

The reason why I agree is that exposure to multiple disciplines effectively improves people’s comprehensive problem-solving capabilities. Each subject provides a unique set of analytical tools and thinking methods, and learners can combine these tools when facing complex practical problems, instead of relying on a single approach. For example, when dealing with a work project about product optimisation, a graduate with both engineering and management background can not only identify technical bottlenecks but also evaluate costs and team efficiency. As a result, they can put forward more complete and workable solutions, which is exactly what most employers value in candidates.

In addition, learning various subjects helps people develop the habit of viewing things from diverse perspectives, which prevents them from falling into rigid thinking patterns. Students who only focus on one major tend to judge issues with a fixed mindset, while those with broader learning experience can consider a problem from multiple dimensions. For instance, when analysing a market promotion plan, a person with knowledge of both psychology and marketing will take consumer behaviour, budget control and brand image into consideration at the same time, rather than only focusing on sales data. This comprehensive vision enables employees to make more reasonable decisions, making them more competitive in cross-functional positions.

In conclusion, learning multiple subjects is highly beneficial for job seekers, as it enhances their ability to solve complex problems and cultivates a multi-angle way of thinking, both of which are core competitiveness in the modern job market.

两个理由角度不重复（比如一个从商家角度，一个从消费者角度），每个理由都有「解释 + 举例」，论证链条完整，就达标。

二、特殊类型 1：对比型（要 A 不要 B）

1. 怎么识别

题干出现 rather than / instead of / more than 这类对比表达，核心结构是：

应该做 A，而不是做 B

对应你笔记里的例题：

Scientific research should be carried out and controlled by governments rather than private companies. （科研应该由政府开展管控，而不是私企）

不能只说 A 好，也不能只说 B 不好，必须同时回应 A 和 B，做对比论证。 如果只写 “政府做科研好”，完全不提私企，属于回应不完整，TA（任务回应）最多 6 分。

立场一：完全同意（支持要 A 不要 B）

写作逻辑：写 2 个 A 的优势 + 补充 B 的弊端

理由 1：政府做科研的好处 1（比如保障公共利益，不唯利是图）

理由 2：政府做科研的好处 2（比如资金充足，能做长期高投入项目）

补充：私企做的问题（比如逐利性强，冷门领域没人做）

立场二：完全不同意（A 和 B 都要，两者结合更好）

这是 6.5 分更稳妥的写法，对应笔记里的「disagree：2 个都要」思路：

理由 1：政府的作用不可替代（把控方向、做公益型科研）

理由 2：私企也有独特价值（效率高、创新灵活、贴近市场）

总结：两者结合效果最好，不该只要 A 不要 B

三、特殊类型 2：绝对词型

1. 怎么识别

题干里有 only / best / all / never / must 这类极端、绝对的词。 对应你笔记里的两道例题：

Many of today’s urgent problems can only be solved by international cooperation. （如今很多紧迫问题只能靠国际合作解决）

The best way to teach children to co-operate is through team sports at school. （教孩子合作的最好方式是校园团队运动）

2. 核心考点

这类题 6.5 分最优立场是不同意，因为绝对化的说法大多不严谨，很容易反驳。 笔记里的思路写得很准：先承认它有用（先退一步），再反驳 “绝对”，补充其他同等重要的方式。 这样论证有辩证性，比硬写 “完全同意” 更容易写充分，也更符合 6.5 分的论证深度要求。

3. 对应笔记的写作思路（以 “only” 题为例）

开头：表明立场 —— 我不同意 “只能靠国际合作” 的说法

让步段（先承认）：国际合作确实很重要，比如应对气候变化、跨国疫情，需要各国联手

反驳段（拆 “绝对”）：但很多问题不能只靠国际合作，比如国内贫困、治安问题，更需要各国政府自己的政策和执行；企业、个人的参与也很重要

结尾：总结 —— 国际合作很重要，但不是唯一方式

补充：“best way” 题同理

对应你笔记里标注的「equally good」思路：

先承认：团队运动确实能培养合作，比如足球、篮球需要队员配合

再反驳：但它不是最好的，课堂小组作业、社团活动、班级项目也同样有效，甚至更贴近日常学习场景

结论：没有 “最好”，不同方式各有优势

四、特殊类型 3：因果关系型

1. 怎么识别

题干是「结论 + 原因」的结构，通常用 since /as/because 连接，核心逻辑是：

因为 B 成立，所以 A 观点成立

对应你笔记里的例题：

Maintaining public libraries is a waste of time since computer technology is now replacing their function. （维护图书馆是浪费时间，因为电脑技术正在取代它的功能） 结论 A：维护图书馆浪费时间 原因 B：电脑技术取代了图书馆功能

2. 核心考点（最容易跑题的一类）

不能只同意 / 不同意 “浪费时间” 这个结论，必须回应后面的原因 B。 你要论证的是「B 能不能推出 A」这个因果链条，而不是只聊 A 本身对不对。如果全程只说图书馆有用，完全不提 “电脑技术能不能取代”，属于回应不全面，TA 会扣分。

3. 对应笔记的两种立场写法

立场一：同意（顺着因果链写）

对应笔记里的 agree 思路：论证 “B 确实成立 → 所以 A 也成立”

理由：现在电子书、在线数据库几乎能替代图书馆的所有功能，查资料、看书都能在线完成

结果：所以实体图书馆的作用越来越小，维护它确实浪费时间和资金

立场二：不同意（拆断因果链，6.5 分更推荐）

对应笔记里的 disagree 思路，核心是反驳 “B 能推出 A”，有两种拆法：

拆原因 B：电脑技术并没有完全取代图书馆功能。比如图书馆有免费的学习空间、线下阅读氛围、面向老人和低收入群体的公益属性，这些是线上替代不了的

退一步拆：就算线上能替代部分功能，图书馆还有其他不可替代的价值，所以绝不是浪费时间

对比：和普通题的区别

普通题：只需要论证「A 对不对」

因果题：必须论证「因为 B，所以 A」这个逻辑对不对 这就是它被归为 “特殊型” 的原因。

最后：做题判断顺序（拿到题先做 3 步）

先看题干有没有 since/because/rather than/only/best 这些标志词

有 → 对应三类特殊题，用对应的思路写，确保回应所有逻辑点

没有 → 就是常规题，直接用「立场 + 两个理由」的基础模板

特殊

profit-oriented=adj

 对比 (rather than /instead of/ 比较级）要A不要B

Scientific research should be carried out and controlled by governments（rather than private companies.） To what extent do you agree or disagree?

agree：

why governments +（private companies）

why governments

agree：

why governments

why private companies 不行

disagree：（2个都要）

why governments

why private companies

都要的原因

绝对词--disagree （先承认没有绝对词时的表述；补其他）

Many of today’s urgent problems can only be solved by international cooperation. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The best way to teach children to co-operate is through team sports at school. To what extent do you agree or disagree? （equally good）

因果关系

Maintaining public libraries is a waste of time since computer technology is now replacing their function. To what extent do you agree or disagree?（观点说清楚）

agree

the reason why 取代会导致 is a waste of time is that。。。。。

disagree：因果关系。

Maintaining public libraries is a waste of time . To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people say that the main aim of advertising is to improve the sales of products that people do not really need. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

2. 对应笔记的写作思路

就是最基础的「立场 + 两个理由」结构，也是你最熟悉的写法：

开头：套句引入话题 + 明确说同意 / 不同意

主体 1：第一个支持你立场的理由（The reason why I agree is that...）

主体 2：第二个支持你立场的理由（In addition, ...）

结尾：总结重申立场

1.  agree

观点的原因（A1； A2）A1:目的/条件

两个都选的论证思路

特殊题型（对比，绝对词，因果）

People have conflicting views as to __N___. 个人观点（立场；不选）

The first reason （why  i agree ）is that __(观点的原因）______.This is because _______+(所以）This________. For example, ______________.

Apart from that, // In addition, another one is that _______.This mainly stems from the fact that  _______+(所以）This________. For instance, ______________.

On the other hand, people who hold different opinion think that __(观点的原因）______.This mainly stems from the fact that  _______+(所以）This________. For instance, ______________

.(反驳）or（x and y 的关系=套句）

In conclusion， 套句。

1.Agree or disagree + why

The issue with regard to .... has engendered an impassioned（热烈的） altercation（争论） and triggered great controversies. A considerable number of people dispute that ....（反方观点一句话）, whereas I am predisposed to advocate that ....（正方观点一句话）

Undeniably, it is indispensable to acknowledge the significance of xxx（名词，正面积极）. If （发生了什么，做了什么，不做什么）, then xxx may suffer from/can enjoy

In a nutshell, the prevailing evidence undoubtedly draws the conclusion that ...

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

The issue with regard to whether photography counts as an art form  has engendered an impassioned altercation and triggered great controversies. A considerable number of people dispute that it is merely a tool to record real life, whereas I am predisposed to advocate that photography is definitely a valuable art form.

Undeniably, it is indispensable to acknowledge the significance of creators’ aesthetic thinking. If photographers arrange light, composition and emotion deliberately, then their works can enjoy unique artistic charm rather than plain records.

In a nutshell, the prevailing evidence undoubtedly draws the conclusion that photography deserves to be recognized as art.

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

2.why

The issue with regard to .... has engendered an impassioned（热烈的） altercation（争论） and triggered great controversies. A considerable number of people dispute that ....（反向说题）, whereas I am predisposed to advocate that ....（正方观点一句话）

Undeniably, it is indispensable to acknowledge the significance of xxx（名词，正面积极）. If （发生了什么，做了什么，不做什么）, then xxx may suffer from/can enjoy

In a nutshell, the prevailing evidence undoubtedly draws the conclusion that ...

• 整合

1. report

现象的原因；方案（公式；思路）；结构

1. argument （x y）--结构类似；论证不同

现象结果（利弊）or=2:0；1:1.5；2:1；outweigh=1:1.5；2:1

观点原因=A1；A2因果（discuss=1:1.5；2:1；1:1&agree=2:0；1:1.5；2:1；1:1-对比）

1. mixed type（1+2）=2个问题

• Some people claim that immigrants should adopt the local culture when immigrating to a new country,while others think that they can establish a minority community instead. Discuss both views and give your view.
• Parents should encourage children spend less time on studying and more time on doing physical activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
• In many countries today, people in cities either live alone or in small family units, rather than in large, extended family groups.  Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
• Nowadays more and more business training and meetings are taking place online. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
• Children find it difficult to concentrate on or pay attention to their study in school. What are the reasons? How can we solve this problem?
• Today many young people change their jobs or careers every few years. What are the reasons? Do you think it is a positive or negative development?

opening：topic+general response（-）

reasons

negative

ending

• People spend less and less time at home. What are the reasons and what are the effects on the society and individuals?

opening：topic+general response（-）

reasons

effects（1- individuals； 2-society）//（sth--indivis--society）

ending

• The world has many towns and cities constructed in previous centuries that are suitable and livable for people in those times. What problems will this cause today and what can be done to solve these problems?
• Many scientists believe that now we can study the behavior of a three-year-old child to see whether they will grow up to be criminals. To what extent do you think the human nature produces crime? And how can we prevent children from growing up to be criminals?

agree: the reason why human nature----produces----crimes is that ???. This is because........

opening : topic+general resopnse

opinion( agree// disagree)

solutions

ending :

disagree: i don't think human nature----produces----crimes because there are other factors that result in crimes. One of the reasons is ..education ....+this is because.......

因为：

due to=because of =owing to

句子，due to+N.

Due to+N, 句子.

Due to the fact that+句子, 句子.

句子，due to the fact that+句子

句子, owing to the fact that+句子。

Considering that+句子，句子。

since=because=as

句子since+句子.

Since+句子,句子.

句子，for 句子.

when/if+句子，句子。

句子，when/if句子.

The 比较级+主+v， the 比较级+主+v.

 the more, the better.

句子（结果n1），with+n2+非谓语

所以：

Thus=Thereby=Therefore

句子， and thus 句子.

句子，thus+ving短语.

句子. Thus, 句子。

so

句子，so句子.

so that

句子 so that 句子；so....that.....

(句子，which+v+。。。)=(句子. This +v+..)

句子. By this, 句子.

As a result, = Consequently, =Accordingly，

句子. As a result, 句子.

并列伴随s

句子，and句子。

1. 主语一致(非谓语，定从--1个主语做2个v-- v1&v2）

N（，定从，）v1.

A teacher enters the classroom, and she carries a book.

A teacher enters the classroom and carries a book.

A teacher who carries a book enters the classroom

A teacher enters the classroom，carrying a book.

Carrying a book,   a teacher enters the classroom.

The number of apples increased, overtaking that of pears.

Starting from the highest point at 50 in 1970, the number of apples decreased to 20 in 2004.

chidren are less possbile to access the professional knowledge, failing in the standardrized tests.

accessing the incmoplete knowledge, chidren are likely to fail in the standardrized tests.

1. 主语不一致

A teacher enters the classroom, and a student follows her.

A teacher enters the classroom, with a student following her.

句子n1， with n2+修饰n的东西（ving/done/to do/ prep+n）.

句子n1， with n2+地点, n3+地点 and n4+地点。

There was a fountain in the centre, with a stage for musicians （situated centre left）非谓语, a glasshouse （to the right of the Eldon Street entrance） and a pond for water plants （in the north east corner opposite）.

Positive ：（动词）

encourage/ inspire/motivate/stimulate 鼓励，鼓舞

Boost/ promote/ facilitate 促进

Modern inventions facilitate housework.

Develop/ cultivate/ foster/ nurture 培养，发展

Prosper/ thrive/ flourish/ blossom/ boom 繁荣

Succeed in doing 成功

Improve 提高，改善

Underpin/ strengthen/ enhance 加强

Broaden 拓宽

Enable/ allow sb. to do 使某人能够做

Minimise/ maximise 最小化/最大化

Optimise 优化

Favour 偏爱

Provide/ supply/ offer 提供

Ensure/ make sure 保证

Protect/ safeguard/ preserve 保护

Be devoted to/ dedicate to 致力于

Be equipped with 具备

students should be equipped with professional knowledge to address complex problems. 有。。样的能力

teachers should equip students with professional knowledge to address complex problems. 使。。人拥有。。。的能力

Negative：（动词）

 hurt/ damage 伤害/损害

 Impair 削弱

 Undermine/ jeopardise/ destroy 破坏

 Devastate 摧毁

 Stop/ prevent/ hinder sb from doing sth阻止

 Deter sb from  doing sth 威慑

deterrent n/adj. deterrent effects

 Limit/ restrict/ constrain 限制

 Lack 缺乏 lack+n// lack--n: the lack of

 Deprive sb of 剥夺

 Fail in doing 失败

 Interfere sb with sth / interfere in sth干扰

discourage sb from doing sth 劝退

名词：it is +n

 Barrier 障碍

 Concern 担心

 Difficulty 困难

 Challenge 挑战

 Loss 损失

作文

雅思 17

Test1

Task2-5.5

Test2

Task2-5.5

原文：

In recent years, childern addicted to the the smartphone has grown increasingly popular in many countries. This trend may lead to several noticeable problems, while its disadvantage are particularly significant. This essay will discuss the problems caused by this trend and explain why I believe it is mostly harmful. One major problem caused by some children losting in the smartphones is lacking of meaningful things to relax themselves under the pressure. Specifically, they don't know what can they do without the smartphones. They have no money to support the other hobbies, so they just spend hours every day on their smartphones to kill times. According to a recent survey, nearly 56% of children feeling less connected to their real life, which may effect the quality of the life. As a result, addiction can be negatively affected. Despite the above problems, spending hours every day on the smartphones offers major disadvantages that should not be overlooked. The most important disadvantages is breaking the study-life balance. To be precise, children could noy save their time on studying and arrange their schedules more freely to care of family or personal life. Reseach indicates that over 68% of children say addicted to the smartphones increase the stress and tiredness caused by long time addiction. Furthermore, losting in the smartphones could wastes money and energy, such as playing games and so on. This mean this phenomenon can not only consume our erergy, but also consume our energy. In conclusion, spending many times on the smartphones may cause waste of money and energy. However, I strongly believe its disadvantages are far more significant, as it brings bad mood, worse study-life balance and costs for the vedio games. Therefore, this trend should be supported as a negative development.

第一段

childern → spelling 拼写错误 → children

the the 重复单词，笔误，删掉一个 the

childern addicted to... has 语法：主语混乱。 ❌错误：不能直接用名词 + 过去分词充当主语；主谓不一致（复数主体不能用 has） ✅修正：the phenomenon that children are addicted to smartphones

smartphone 泛指一类事物，改为复数 smartphones

its disadvantage are ❌主谓一致：disadvantage 单数，后面 are 复数冲突 ✅ its disadvantages are

原句修正参考：In recent years, the phenomenon that children are addicted to smartphones has become increasingly common in many countries.

第二段

children losting in ❌拼写 + 非谓语错误：losting → losing；搭配错误：沉迷手机 lost themselves in / are absorbed in

is lacking of ❌固定搭配错误 ✅lack 作名词：a lack of；作形容词：be lacking in

what can they do ❌宾语从句必须陈述句语序！ ✅ what they can do（极高频雅思扣分点）

kill times ❌固定短语：kill time（time 此处不可数，无 s）

nearly 56% of children feeling less connected ❌缺少谓语动词，这不是完整句子！feeling 是非谓语，不能单独作动词 ✅ nearly 56% of children feel less connected

may effect ❌词性混淆：effect = 名词（影响）；动词是 affect

quality of the life ❌冗余冠词，quality of life（固定表达，不加 the）

As a result, addiction can be negatively affected. ❌逻辑语义严重不通：“沉迷本身被负面影响”，表达混乱，中式英语

第三段（大量重错）

Despite the above problems ⚠逻辑衔接错误！despite 用来引出相反观点（让步），你后面继续说坏处，连接词使用错误（CC 扣分）

The most important disadvantages is ❌主谓一致：主语是单数概念，disadvantages 复数、is 单数冲突 ✅ The most important disadvantage is

could noy 拼写错误 → not

care of ❌固定搭配：care for（照料）

Reseach 拼写错误 → Research

children say addicted to the smartphones increase ❌语法：addicted 不能直接作主语，要用动名词 being addicted；主谓不一致 ✅ being addicted to smartphones increases

losting → losing（重复拼写错误）

could wastes ❌情态动词规则：could + 动词原形 waste

This mean ❌主谓一致：This 单数 → This means

our erergy 拼写错误 → energy

can not only consume our energy, but also consume our energy ❌完全重复，无意义，词汇大量冗余（LR 扣分）

第四段

spending many times ❌time 表 “时间” 不可数：much time；times = 次数

cause waste of money ✅优化：cause a waste of money（缺少冠词）

vedio 拼写错误 → video

this trend should be supported as a negative development ❌致命逻辑语病： supported = 被支持；你想说这是负面现象，不可能 “被支持” ✅ Therefore, this represents a negative development.

Test3

Task2-5.5

雅思 18

Test3

Task2-5.5

优缺点类型

In recent years, the migration of rural residents to cities has become increasingly common in many countries. This trend gives rise to several noticeable problems, and its disadvantages are particularly significant. This essay will explain why I believe it is mostly harmful.

One major problem is that the massive inflow of rural migrants puts great pressure on urban public resources. Specifically, urban infrastructure and public services often fail to keep up with the rapid population growth, resulting in shortages of medical care and educational resources. According to a recent survey, nearly 43% of urban residents report a shortage of public resources, which can further worsen their quality of life. As a result, both original city dwellers and new rural migrants may be negatively affected.

Furthermore, rural depopulation caused by this trend brings serious drawbacks that cannot be ignored. The most critical issue is the loss of young and able-bodied labour, which hinders the economic and social progress of rural areas. Research indicates that most of the remaining working-age population in the countryside are elderly people. This leads to an ageing rural population, abandoned farmland and declining local industries, and ultimately makes rural areas less dynamic and sustainable. Overall, the negative impacts are far more significant.

In conclusion, rural-to-urban migration may cause shortages of public resources in cities and setbacks to rural development. I strongly believe its disadvantages are far more significant, as it lowers quality of life, weakens rural vitality and increases urban pressure. Therefore, this trend is largely a negative development.

开头段

原文问题

逻辑错误：rural people has grown increasingly popular 表达错误 ——“农村人” 不能用 “流行” 形容，实际是 “农村人口向城市迁移” 这个趋势越来越普遍。

主谓一致错误：people 是复数概念，不能搭配 has。

拼写错误：signficant → significant。

修改逻辑：把模糊的主语替换为the migration of rural residents to cities，精准扣题；修正语法和拼写错误，保持你原有的立场不变。

主体第一段（城市资源压力）

原文问题

搭配不当：increase the stress of the city population 表达不准确，不是 “增加城市人口的压力”，而是 “给城市公共资源带来压力”。

词性错误：educate resources → educational resources（educate 是动词，此处需要形容词修饰名词）。

词性 + 拼写错误：may worse the quality of the their lifes

worse 是形容词比较级，动词 “恶化” 是 worsen；

life 的复数是 lives，不是 lifes；

多了冗余的 the。

句子结构错误：rural people are moving to cities can be negatively affected 出现双谓语（are moving 和 can be），属于语法硬伤。

修改逻辑：修正所有语法 / 词性错误，把 “人口涌入” 替换为massive inflow of rural migrants更书面；补充 “原有居民和新移民都会受影响”，让论证更完整，符合 6.5 分 “论点充分展开” 的要求。

主体第二段（乡村发展问题）

原文问题

逻辑衔接错误：Despite the above problems 用错了。despite 表让步（“尽管有这些问题，但是还有好处”），但你全文都在讲弊端，是并列递进关系，应该用 Furthermore / Secondly。

主谓一致错误：it lead to → it leads to。

用词错误：bad effection 是典型错误 —— 不存在 effection 这个词，“影响” 的名词是 effect；正式写作不用 bad，用 negative /adverse。

表达错误：workers in the countryside are major in the old

major in 是 “主修（专业）”，不能形容人口构成；

正确意思是 “农村剩余劳动力大多是老年人”。

口语化 + 表意模糊：become more and more lonely, which may have no energy in the end 太口语化，学术写作不能用 “乡村变孤独、没精力” 这种表达，应该对应 “人口老龄化、产业衰退、失去活力”。

修改逻辑：把错误的让步逻辑改成递进逻辑；将口语化的表述替换为正式书面表达（rural depopulation, labour loss, ageing population, less dynamic），补充具体的负面影响（耕地荒废、产业衰退），让论点更有说服力，达到 6.5 分的论证深度。

结尾段

原文问题

句子结构错误：rural people are moving to cities may cause 再次出现双谓语语法错误。

拼写错误：prograss → progress；bad effection 重复错误。

逻辑矛盾：this trend should be supported as a negative development 逻辑不通 ——“负面发展” 不能被 “支持”，属于表意错误。

修改逻辑：修正语法和拼写，把结尾的错误观点改成 “这一趋势整体是负面的，需要应对”，前后立场统一，扣题更严谨。

6.5 分示范： In recent years, a growing number of rural residents have been migrating to urban areas in many countries. This trend has triggered a series of social issues, and from my perspective, its drawbacks outweigh its benefits.

To begin with, the massive inflow of rural migrants puts considerable pressure on urban public resources. Since urban infrastructure and public services are usually built based on the original population size, they can hardly meet the demand of a rapidly growing population. For example, many cities face shortages of hospital beds and primary school seats, and a recent survey shows that nearly 43% of urban residents feel public resources are insufficient. This situation directly worsens people’s quality of life.

3. 主体第二段（乡村发展受阻，80-90 词）

和上一段是同向递进关系，用Furthermore / Secondly 开头，绝对不能用Despite（Despite是让步连词，只能用来转折相反观点）。 同样沿用 PEEL 结构：

Point：乡村人口流失带来更严重的问题

Explain：迁出的多是青壮年劳动力，乡村剩余人口以老人为主

Example：耕地荒废、本地产业缺乏人力支撑

Link：乡村失去活力，长期发展停滞

6.5 分示范： Furthermore, rural depopulation caused by this trend brings more serious consequences that cannot be ignored. Most people who move to cities are young and able-bodied workers, leaving behind a large number of elderly residents in rural areas. As a result, a lot of farmland is abandoned, and local industries lack sufficient labour to develop. This will gradually reduce the vitality of rural areas and hinder their long-term development.

In conclusion, rural-to-urban migration mainly leads to two problems: strained urban public resources and stagnant rural development. I firmly believe that this trend is largely a negative development overall.

Test4

Task2-5.5

Against the backdrop of modern society, the debate over the effects of the elderly people to the society has aroused widespread concern. While some argue that the ageing population creates problems for government, I firmly believe that there are many benefits that elderly people bring in the society.

The most important reason is that the old have sufficient professional knowledge to progress the development of the society. Over the many years, these elderly has collected precious experiences about the works and life, which can effectively improve the technology in our life. For example, the doctors who need lots of professional knowledge and experiences can give people a better treatment. The elderly doctor usually think as the professors with highly medical knowledge

.In addition, the chances of the job is another key factor. To be more precise, the ageing population could provide different type of jobs to the society. Research indicates that there are more and more jobs need the abilities about how to care about the old. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that elderly people can benefit the society in many ways.

Critics may claim that the ageing population creates problems for government. They argue that it can bring bad effects to the society. However, this opinion is problematic because the society is changing and developing. In fact, the elderly people now can create great value to the society in this era. Thus, the counterargument is not convincing.In conclusion, I firmly believe that there are benefits if society has more elderly people. Only by adapting the phenomenon can we build a better society.

论证很浅，例子单薄，没有细节拓展，反驳段空泛无说服力。

knowledges → knowledge（不可数，无复数）

1. Task Response 任务回应：6 立场清晰：老龄化利多弊少；两段正面论点（老人专业经验、催生养老岗位）；一段让步反驳段；结尾总结。 缺点：论证很浅，例子单薄，没有细节拓展，反驳段空泛无说服力。
2. Coherence & Cohesion 连贯与衔接：5 基础连接词到位（The most important reason / In addition / Critics may claim / However），分段逻辑清晰。 扣分点：
   1. 大量语法错误打断阅读流畅度；
   2. 指代混乱，重复啰嗦（反复写 elderly people /society）；
   3. 句式单一，几乎全是简单句 / 基础定语从句。
3. Lexical Resource 词汇：5 致命硬伤（大量拼写错误 + 用词错误，5.5 封顶，难上 6）： 拼写错：dabate, effections, knowledges, eldery, reasonabe, peoblems, aegue, benedits 用词错误：
   1. knowledge/experience 不可数，不能加 s
   2. effection 不存在，正确是 effect/impact
   3. progress 是名词，不能当动词 “推动发展”
   4. different type → different types；chances of the job 搭配错误
   5. highly medical knowledges 词性混用（high 形容词修饰名词）
4. Grammatical Range & Accuracy 语法：5 高频基础语法错误，大量错误影响理解，是典型 5 分段特征：
   1. 主谓不一致：these elderly has /doctor usually think /the chances…is
   2. 名词可数不可数乱用：knowledges, lifes, works
   3. 双谓语病句：more and more jobs need
   4. 介词搭配错误：benefits of the elderly, create value to society
   5. 词性混用：highly (adv) 修饰 medical knowledge (n)

你已经改掉所有拼写错误，但语法基础错误、词汇搭配错误没有解决，这两项直接卡死词汇、语法单项分，所以分数依旧 5.5。 只要把上面清单里所有语法、搭配错误全部修正，再稍微丰富论证细节，总分稳定 6.5。

第一段

Against the backdrop of modern society, the debate over the effects of the elderly people 【to→that senior citizens have on】 the society has aroused widespread concern. While some argue that the ageing population creates problems 【for government→burdens for governments】, I firmly believe that there are many benefits that elderly people bring 【in→to】 the society.

主体第一段

The most important reason is that 【the old→senior citizens】 have sufficient professional knowledge to 【progress the development of→boost】 the society. Over 【the many→many】 years, 【these elderly has→these elderly people have】 collected precious experience about the 【works→work】 and life, which can effectively 【improve the technology in our life→upgrade public technology】. For example, the doctors who need lots of professional knowledge and 【experiences→practical experience】 can give people a better treatment. 【The elderly doctor usually think→Elderly physicians】 as the professors with 【highly→profound】 medical knowledge.

主体第二段

.In addition, the 【chances of the job is→growing job opportunities constitute】 another key factor. To be more precise, the ageing population could provide different 【type→types】 of jobs to the society. Research indicates that there are more and more jobs 【need→that require professional skills in】 the abilities about how to care about the old. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that elderly people can benefit the society in many ways.

让步反驳段

Critics may claim that the ageing population creates problems for government. They argue that it can bring bad effects to the society. However, this opinion is problematic because the society is changing and developing. In fact, the elderly people now can create great value 【to→for】 the society in this era. Thus, the counterargument is not convincing.

结尾段

In conclusion, I firmly believe that there are benefits if society has more elderly people. Only by adapting 【→to】 the phenomenon can we build a better society.

核心区分：experience 两种含义，可数 / 不可数完全不同

1. 表示【抽象的人生、工作经验】→ 不可数名词，永远不加 s

指长年积累的阅历、实操功底，是笼统、无形的东西。

precious experience 宝贵工作阅历

practical experience 实操经验 例句： He has rich work experience.（√） He has rich work experiences.（×，描述工作阅历不能加 s）

2. 表示【一件件具体、独立的经历 / 往事】→ 可数名词，可加 s experiences

指单独发生过的某件事、某次遭遇。

unforgettable experiences 难忘的一件件往事 例句： My travel experiences are amazing.（旅行中一件件具体见闻，加 s）

初稿存在的语法问题（修改版全部修复）

主谓不一致 these elderly has / The elderly doctor usually think / the chances of the job is

双谓语病句 more and more jobs need

名词可数不可数 / 单复数错误 experiences(经验) / different type / works

介词搭配全部错误 effects…to /bring benefits in /create value to /adapting the phenomenon（缺 to）

词性误用 highly medical knowledge（副词不能修饰名词）

主语残缺 these elderly 形容词不能单独作主语

1. 什么是双谓语（一句话两套主谓，英语语法大忌）

英语一个主句只能有一套主谓，如果出现两个实义动词，又没有从句连接词（that/which/who），就是双谓语病句。

原句拆分：

Research indicates that there are more and more jobs need the abilities about how to care about the old. 从句内部：there are … jobs need

动词 1：are（be 动词，谓语 1）

动词 2：need（实义动词，谓语 2） 一句话同时有 are 和 need 两个谓语动词，没有任何连接词隔开，语法直接出错。

2. 3 种正确改法（你范文用的第一种）

改法 1：加定语从句引导词 that（范文版本）

there are more and more jobs that require professional skills in elderly care that 指代 jobs，把第二个动词变成从句谓语，主句只有 are 一个谓语，合法。

改法 2：改成非谓语（动词 ing）

there are more and more jobs requiring professional skills...

改法 3：拆成两句

Many new jobs appear. These roles require elderly care skills.

3. 举个简单类比方便理解

病句：There are many students like English. 两个谓语 are /like，双谓语错误。 正确：There are many students that like English.

1. 主谓不一致

核心规则：主语单数 → 谓语单数动词；主语复数 → 谓语复数动词

1. these elderly has

1）主语问题：elderly 是形容词，不能单独当主语，正确主语是 these elderly people（复数） 2）动词错误：主语是复数，不能用单数 has，要改成 have 正确句子：these elderly people have accumulated precious experience

2. The elderly doctor usually think

1）主语：The elderly doctor 单数（一位老年医生） 2）动词：think 是复数动词，单数主语对应动词要加 s → thinks 正确句子：The elderly doctor usually thinks （范文直接改成复数 Elderly physicians，规避这个问题）

3. the chances of the job is

1）主语核心词：chances（复数），of the job 只是修饰，不改变主语单复数 2）系动词：is 是单数，复数主语搭配 are 正确改写：growing job opportunities constitute another key advantage

快速记忆口诀

找主语中心词，判断单复数； 单数动词 + s/es，复数动词原形。

一、名词可数 / 不可数、单复数错误

experiences（表经验） experience 分两种含义：

抽象「工作 / 人生经验」→ 不可数，只用 experience（无 s）

具体「一件件难忘经历」→ 可数，experiences 原文写行医阅历，所以：precious experience ✔

different type different 后面必须搭配复数名词， different types of jobs ✔

works work 表「工作、职场事务」抽象含义，不可数，无复数 s； works 仅用于：艺术品、工厂、著作，不指代工作阅历。 about work and life ✔

二、介词搭配错误（固定短语，必须死记）

effects … to 固定搭配：effect on sth 对…… 的影响 the effects that seniors have on society ✔

bring benefits in society benefits to sth 给…… 带来好处 bring benefits to society ✔

create value to society value for … 为…… 创造价值 create tremendous value for communities ✔

adapting the phenomenon 固定短语：adapt to sth 适应某种趋势 / 现象 adapting to this demographic trend ✔

三、词性误用：highly medical knowledge

highly：副词，只能修饰动词 / 形容词

medical knowledge：名词短语，前面要用形容词修饰 替换：profound medical expertise 深厚的医学专业知识 ✔

四、主语残缺：these elderly

elderly 是形容词，意思是 “年老的”，形容词不能单独充当句子主语； 必须补充名词 people：these elderly people（老年人）✔

汇总一句话记忆

阅历经验无 s，不同后面用复数；工作抽象不加 s

影响 on、好处 to、价值 for、适应 to

副词不修饰名词，名词前用形容词

elderly 只是形容词，后面必须加 people