内核启动时,设备及驱动初始化的实现-非常好-不得不转

本文完全转载，地址：http://www.cnitblog.com/vsolo/archive/2008/04/21/42592.aspx，版权问题，马上删除。作者的博客写的很用心，文章很到位透彻。

Uboot完成系统的引导并将Linux内核拷贝到内存之后，bootm -> do_bootm_linux()跳转到kernel的起始位置；
       压缩过的kernel入口在arch/arm/boot/compressed/head.S，它将调用函数decompress_kernel()<./arch/arm/boot/compressed/misc.c>解压,打印“Uncompressing Linux...”，调用gunzip()，打印"done, booting the kernel."
       然后call_kernel,执行解压后的kernel,经linux/arch/arm/kernel/head.S调用start_kernel转入体系结构无关的通用C代码，在start_kernel()中完成了一系列系统初始化，设备及驱动的注册即在此时完成：

<./init/main.c>－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
{
 char * command_line;
 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];

···········································································
 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s/n", saved_command_line);
                                                          //打印内核命令行
 parse_early_param();
 parse_args("Booting kernel", command_line, __start___param,
     __stop___param - __start___param,
     &unknown_bootoption);
                                                        //解析由BOOT传递的启动参数
···········································································

 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
 rest_init();
}

start_kernel()中的函数rest_init()将创建第一个核心线程kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND)，调用init()函数：

static int init(void * unused)－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
{
                ·······················
                 do_basic_setup();
                ······················

 /*
  * We try each of these until one succeeds.
  *
  * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
  * trying to recover a really broken machine.
  */
 if (execute_command) { //判断在启动时是否指定了init参数
                                      //如果指定则执行用户init进程，成功将不会返回
  run_init_process(execute_command);
  printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s.  Attempting "
     "defaults.../n", execute_command);
 }

               /*   如果没有指定init启动参数，则查找下面的目录init进程,成功将不会返回，否则打印出错信息   */
 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
 run_init_process("/etc/init");
 run_init_process("/bin/init");
 run_init_process("/bin/sh");

 panic("No init found.  Try passing init= option to kernel.");

}

继而调用函数do_basic_setup()（此时与体系结构相关的部分已经初始化完了,现在开始初始化设备了）：

/*
 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
 * running, and memory and process management works.
 *
 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
 */
static void __init do_basic_setup(void)－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
{
 /* drivers will send hotplug events */
 init_workqueues();
 usermodehelper_init();
 driver_init();     //建立设备模型子系统

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
 sysctl_init();
#endif

 /* Networking initialization needs a process context */
 sock_init();

 do_initcalls();   //系统初始化(包括设备，文件系统，内核模块等)
}
<./drivers/base/init.c>－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
/**
 * driver_init - initialize driver model.
 *
 * Call the driver model init functions to initialize their
 * subsystems. Called early from init/main.c.
 */

void __init driver_init(void)
{
 /* These are the core pieces */
 devices_init();
                       <./drivers/base/core.c>－－－－－－－－－－－－－
                                  int __init devices_init(void)
                                  {
                   return subsystem_register(&devices_subsys);
                                  }
                        －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
 buses_init();
 classes_init();
 firmware_init();

 /* These are also core pieces, but must come after the
  * core core pieces.
  */
 platform_bus_init();
 system_bus_init();
 cpu_dev_init();
 memory_dev_init();
 attribute_container_init();
}
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[];

static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
 initcall_t *call;
 int count = preempt_count();

 for (call = __initcall_start; call < __initcall_end; call++) {
                ··················
                (*call)();     //调用一系列初始化函数
               ···················
}
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
      __initcall_start和__initcall_end界定了存放初始化函数指针区域的起始地址，即从__initcall_start开始到__initcall_end结束的区域中存放了指向各个初始化函数的函数指针。 由 (*call)()完成各个部分的初始化工作，且便于扩充。具体实现如下：
<./arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S>－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
  __initcall_start = .;
   *(.initcall1.init)
   *(.initcall2.init)
   *(.initcall3.init)
   *(.initcall4.init)
   *(.initcall5.init)
   *(.initcall6.init)
   *(.initcall7.init)
  __initcall_end = .;

 <./include/linux/init.h>－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

#ifndef MODULE     /*    如果驱动模块静态编译进内核   */

  ···············································

/* initcalls are now grouped by functionality into separate
 * subsections. Ordering inside the subsections is determined
 * by link order.
 * For backwards compatibility, initcall() puts the call in
 * the device init subsection.
 */

#define __define_initcall(level,fn) /
 static initcall_t __initcall_##fn __attribute_used__ /
 __attribute__((__section__(".initcall" level ".init"))) = fn

#define core_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("1",fn)
#define postcore_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("2",fn)
#define arch_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("3",fn)
                                            //此处初始化了设备
                                           /*－－－－eg：arch_initcall(at91sam9261_device_init)－－－
                                               static int __init at91sam9261_device_init(void)
                                               {
                                                 at91_add_device_udc();
                                                 at91_add_device_dm9000();
                                                 armebs3_add_input_buttons();
                                                 return platform_add_devices(at91sam9261_devices, ARRAY_SIZE(at91sam9261_devices));
                                                }
                                        －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－*/
#define subsys_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("4",fn)
#define fs_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("5",fn)
#define device_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("6",fn)
                                           //此处初始化了静态编译的驱动模块
#define late_initcall(fn)  __define_initcall("7",fn)

#define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)

  /**
 * module_init() - driver initialization entry point
 * @x: function to be run at kernel boot time or module insertion
 *
 * module_init() will either be called during do_initcalls (if
 * builtin) or at module insertion time (if a module).  There can only
 * be one per module.
 */
#define module_init(x) __initcall(x);
                                       //静态编译的驱动模块作为device_initcall在内核启动就被do_initcalls
/**
 * module_exit() - driver exit entry point
 * @x: function to be run when driver is removed
 *
 * module_exit() will wrap the driver clean-up code
 * with cleanup_module() when used with rmmod when
 * the driver is a module.  If the driver is statically
 * compiled into the kernel, module_exit() has no effect.
 * There can only be one per module.
 */
#define module_exit(x) __exitcall(x);

#else /* MODULE    如果驱动模块动态加载入内核   */

  ···············································

/* Each module must use one module_init(), or one no_module_init */
#define module_init(initfn)     /
 static inline initcall_t __inittest(void)  /
 { return initfn; }     /
 int init_module(void) __attribute__((alias(#initfn)));
     //insmod 是通过系统调用sys_init_module(const char *name_user, struct module *mod_user)
     //将动态驱动模块载入到内核空间

/* This is only required if you want to be unloadable. */
#define module_exit(exitfn)     /
 static inline exitcall_t __exittest(void)  /
 { return exitfn; }     /
 void cleanup_module(void) __attribute__((alias(#exitfn)));