• Forgive Us Our Debts Now Available!

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    It’s publication day for my new book, Forgive Us Our Debts: How Black Churches Use Bankruptcy to Survive. If you were to pick up a copy, its back begins, “When American churches face financial difficulties, a disproportionately high number of Black churches reorganize under chapter 11 bankruptcy.” That is true, based on my research of the over 1,000 religious organizations that filed chapter 11 between 2006 and 2021. Over 60% of the churches that filed were Black churches. Forgive Us Our Debts is about why this is so, and why Black churches are so successful in reorganizing. The book weaves together detailed stories of seven churches that filed chapter 11, supplemented with aggregated data. Forgive Us Our Debts tells a story of salvation through the reorganization system, which brings churches’ lenders to the negotiating table. But the salvation is bittersweet because the time and expense of reorganization seemingly should not have needed for many of the churches to get the deals they deserved. In delving into churches’ reorganizations, I found a story of disparities in credit markets, both at loan origination and during times of trouble. At its core, Forgive Us Our Debts is about lending to Black-owned businesses, Black communities, and the attempted extraction of wealth. I wrote the book so that it can be picked up by a pastor or someone who oversees a church, by attorneys, or by anyone interested in lending and race and community development.

    Find the book via University of Chicago Press, Bookshop.org, Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other outlets. I’m always interested in discussing the book!


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  • Levitin’s Financial Restructuring: 4th Edition

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    The fourth edition of my Financial Restructuring book is now in print!

    If you’re looking to teach a restructuring course or Chapter 11 class, this is the book for you. The book was the first law school textbook to have substantial coverage of out-of-court restructuring transactions; out-of-court restructuring is the in the book’s DNA, going back to the first edition in 2015. This edition has a lot of expanded coverage of LMEs and Texas Two-Steps, both in the the readings and the problem sets. Numerous students have told me how well they feel these materials prepared them for elite restructuring practices.

    The book (for faculty) comes complete with an extensive teacher’s manual and slide decks and other supporting materials. Available at quality retailers, like Amazon.com. Available for Spring 2027 classes. Get yours while supplies last. 😊


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  • Rethinking Corporate Bankruptcy History with Professor Stephen Lubben

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    A day-long discussion inspired by former Credit Slips author Stephen Lubben‘s remarkable book, To Protect Their Interests, is a great reason to get yourself to Seton Hall Law School in Newark, New Jersey on October 23, 2026. Stephen has very contemporary takeaways from these carefully documented stories of big corporate bankruptcy development. Register to attend this Seton Hall Law Review Symposium in person here.  If you can’t be there, consider this writing a prompt to get the book and find out whose interests Lubben is talking about.


  • A Kennedy Center Receivership?

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    Like many Washingtonians, I’m distraught about what’s happened to the Kennedy Center. It’s the cultural heart of the District, and it’s being destroyed by gross mismanagement that threatens not only the Kennedy Center itself, but also the incredible National Symphony Orchestra (with the Washington National Opera already having cut ties). But maybe there’s a solution: a receivership. (more…)


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  • Not So Safe Harbors

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    The Digital Market Clarity Act is pending in the U.S. Congress. The bill’s primary goal is to integrate digital assets more fully into the financial system. The Senate is scheduled for a cloture vote on the bill on Tuesday, September 15. Whether the bill’s overall approach is the right one, I do not know.

    What I do know is that the bill’s expansion of the so-called bankruptcy safe harbors is not a great idea. Generally speaking, these safe harbors insulate financial derivative contracts from the normal bankruptcy rules. The argument always has been these financial markets need liquidity and cannot suffer the effects of frozen contract positions that the normal bankruptcy rules require through the imposition of the automatic stay. That position is empirically dubious. I’d refer people to Stephen Lubben’s work on the topic. In the financial crisis of 2007, the safe harbors likely exacerbated the fallout from the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy as investors made a “run on the bank.” In contrast, spillover effects did not happen where the safe harbors did not apply such as in the chapter 11 bankruptcy of FTX or under the FDIC’s resolution authority with Silicon Valley Bank. The safe harbors need to be cut back if not altogether repealed.

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  • Randy Picker – An Inspiration

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    Randy Picker died on August 15, 2026. Randy will forever be a University of Chicago legend, a three-time alum, beloved professor, and, this summer, named to one of the most challenging roles a modern university offers: Vice Provost for Academic Affairs. Randy has been an academic superstar in multiple doctrinal fields, including competition policy/antitrust and intellectual property, as well as in methodologies such as game theory. This Credit Slips tribute emphasizes his contributions to the fields of bankruptcy and commercial law.

    I met Randy in the 1990s as Congress expanded and intensified its aspirations for bankruptcy reform, and got to watch him testify before Congress several times on behalf of the National Bankruptcy Conference. Randy had been the reporter for the National Bankruptcy Conference’s exhaustive review of the Bankruptcy Code published in 1994 and again in 1997 – a monumental undertaking on many metrics, and one that has influenced policy discussions in the intervening decades. By the time I met him, Randy was well-recognized for his bankruptcy scholarship, including co-authoring one of the best known articles on municipal bankruptcy. At a March 1999 House Judiciary Committee hearing, he was given a tough assignment: to explain why a securitization provision in the bill, touted as a no-brainer by its advocates, was problematic. Here is an excerpt of his testimony at the March 1999 hearing:

    The problem is that with regard to securitizations, understanding when you have a true sale and when you don’t turns out to be really hard…. The statute has taken what I would regard as what I think of as a deemed-tiger approach to solving this problem, and what I mean by that is as follows: I think of my 5-year-old son, Adam, walking into the room with his pink stuffed elephant and saying, here’s my tiger. I assume that would get some quizzical looks, right? We’d all look at Adam and say, you know, that’s an elephant, not a tiger. He would say, no, I’ve deemed it to be a tiger, and because I’ve deemed it to be a tiger, it’s therefore a tiger. Well, that’s exactly what this legislation does. If you look at the approach to a definition of transfer on page 286 of H.R. 833, and in particular line 10, a debtor who represents and warrants that a sale is a sale makes it a sale. All you have to do is say it’s a sale. You represent and warrant it’s a sale and you’re done. Well we have never in the history of commercial transactions law relied on the characterization of the parties to the transaction to determine what that transaction is, when it will have third party consequences. Do understand that asset securitization will have third party consequences.

    (Find his full verbal and written testimony starting on page 355).

    Even as other fields and projects consumed more of his time and attention, Randy continued service to the field of bankruptcy, including recently as Vice-Chair of the National Bankruptcy Conference.

    Randy’s commitment to and appreciation of state commercial law also has a long pedigree.  He served as a Uniform Law Commissioner (then called the National Conference of Uniform Law Commissioners, or NCCUSL) at a pivotal time, when Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code was being significantly overhauled. He wrote pathbreaking scholarship about secured credit that should inspire more such work now. Throughout his academic career, Randy continued to teach secured transactions with enthusiasm and rave reviews, to the benefit of students and the legal profession.

    Speaking of courses, Randy lived the truth that passion about teaching and scholarly inquiry are mutually reinforcing rather than in opposition. Indeed, Randy was a pedagogical trailblazer. Did I even know what a MOOC was before overhearing Randy mention starting one? When COVID shutdown necessitated remote learning, he created more opportunities for learning and engagement, including taking Zoom’s potential to whole other levels with a remarkable summer seminar for alumni. And he contributed to the education of business school students as well as his law school teaching.

    One last point: Randy was generous with people with no connection with the University of Chicago, with no particular aptitude for game theory or computer simulations (or improv, for that matter). I am such a person. Both early in my career and later, I sought his counsel on academic and professional things. He made time for me and was always constructive. That invisible professional service – whether it reflects kindness or social welfare maximization – is worth discussing out loud, and paying forward.

    Deepest condolences to Randy Picker’s family. He will remain an inspiration.

     

     

     


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  • A Light Tap on the Wrist for AI Use Misuse?

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    Late last week, the Seventh Circuit held that a private property tax purchaser holds a secured claim that qualifies as a tax claim under § 511(a). It thus also held that if this secured claim is to be paid during a chapter 13 plan, § 511(a) provides that “applicable nonbankruptcy law” supplies the interest rate. Bernardo Romero v. Corona Investments, LLC, 25-02021 (7th Cir. July 16, 2026). This holding is not what is most remarkable about this case, even though there was a dissent contesting the characterization of a private purchaser as holding a claim under § 511(a) and thus the application of an interest rate other than Till.

    The more remarkable aspect of the case and opinion is that the attorney for the tax purchaser apparently used AI to draft its brief, which resulted in the inclusion of AI hallucinated quotes. The debtor’s attorney brought this to the court’s attention with a motion to strike portions of the brief. The attorney, being candid, noted that the AI hallucinations did not materially affect the presentation of the appeal. So the majority opinion ends by merely “lodg[ing] a general reminder that the court expects members of our bar to exercise care and diligence in preparing their briefs to ensure complete factual and legal accuracy.” The dissent possibly wanted to go further. It highlights that the tax purchaser’s brief “included an astonishing number of erroneous and even hallucinated citations,” but ultimately merely notes that the hallucinations “made this court’s work more difficult than it should have been. We should expect and insist on better, more professional performance.”

    Sure, sanctions have been imposed in other recent cases with hallucinated citations (including in the Seventh Circuit) and could have been appropriate here. Instead, what this law firm received was the lightest tap on the wrist by being named, both the individual attorney and the firm, in the dissent only. One firm uses AI seemingly without checking the results (which I’m confident in writing is a professionally irresponsibly use of AI) and the other not only catches it, but also professionally appropriately brings it to the court’s attention, including sketching out the scope of the problems introduced by opposing counsel’s irresponsible use of AI. I’m gearing up to teach contracts this fall. And I’m incorporating more discussion of the use (and misuse) of GenAI tools than I ever have before. What does this teach students (and attorneys) about the ramifications of over-dependence on AI?


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  • The New Yorker and the Uniform Commercial Code – Together at Last?

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    Did explaining the Uniform Commercial Code to your literary loved ones just get a shortcut? Behold the three paragraphs (generously counting) in The New Yorker about this unusual but powerful legal product. The print edition date: June 29, 2026. The article: Hot Pursuit: The repo man coming for your ride, by Paige Williams. In the print version, the article starts on page 28 and one must buckle up and hold on tight through page 33 to evaluate those three paragraphs (generously counting) for yourself.


  • New Swiss Personal Insolvency Law At Last!

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    Today, both houses of the Swiss Parliament finally adopted an agreed version of a long-debated law to bring personal insolvency in Switzerland into line with international norms. The new law is one of the last in Europe that finally offers a meaningful discharge to hopelessly overindebted individuals, consumers and entrepreneurs alike. On the long, tortured history of this topic in Switzerland, see here.


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  • OCC Interchange Preemption Rule

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    I submitted a comment letter to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency regarding its proposed rule on interchange fees as non-interest fees and charges and its preemption order thereunder regarding the Illinois Interchange Prohibition Act.

    My comment letter does not address the policy wisdom of the Illinois law. Rather, it focuses on the legal infirmities of the OCC rule. If we take the Major Questions Doctrine and the Unitary Executive Theory seriously, it is hard to see the authority for the OCC rule for national banks. (Yes, laugh away—we all know that these doctrines only apply in one direction, but let’s at least call out the hypocrisy.)

    For Federal savings associations, the authority is even thinner; the OCC claims in a footnote that they have comparable powers, but the sole authority it cites subjects the Federal savings associations’ power to transfer funds to “applicable law,” which would be both the Illinois statute and federal antitrust laws, such that Federal savings associations cannot receive interchange fees that violate either the Illinois statute or federal antitrust laws.


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